BIOS-150 Week 1: Foundations of Human Biology Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards covering BIOS-150 Week 1 lecture content including course requirements, body systems, medical terminology (prefixes, roots, suffixes), anatomical position, directional terms, body planes, abdominal divisions, and regional terms.

Human Biology

The study of how the human body is built, functions, and malfunctions, covering everything from cells to organ systems.

Theory Grade Requirement

The lecture portion requirement where a student must earn at least 76% to pass the course.

Core Grade Requirement

The lab portion requirement where a student must earn at least 76% to pass the course.

Levels of Organization

The structural levels of the human body from smallest to largest: Atoms, Molecules, Macromolecules, Organ/Cell structures, Organs, Organ Systems, and Organism.

Nervous System

System that controls movement, senses, breathing, and thought, acting as the body's command center.

Endocrine System

System that releases hormones to regulate growth, metabolism, and stress response.

Respiratory System

System that delivers oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.

Digestive System

System that breaks down food and absorbs nutrients.

Circulatory System

System that moves oxygen, nutrients, and waste throughout the body.

Urinary System

System that filters waste from the blood and produces urine.

Skeletal System

System that provides support, protects organs, and produces blood cells.

Muscular System

System that works with bones to allow movement and generate heat.

Immune System

System that fights infection and disease.

Integumentary System

System composed of skin, hair, and nails that forms a barrier against germs.

Genital System

System that enables reproduction and passes on genetic material.

Prefix

A word component located at the beginning of a medical term that describes time, amount, location, or size.

Word Root

The core part of a medical term that provides its primary meaning, often referring to a body part or system.

Suffix

A word component placed at the end of a medical term describing a condition, procedure, or specialty.

brady-

Prefix meaning slow (e.g., bradycardia = slow heart rate).

tachy-

Prefix meaning fast (e.g., tachypnea = fast breathing).

hyper-

Prefix meaning above or too much (e.g., hypertension = high blood pressure).

hypo-

Prefix meaning below or too little (e.g., hypoglycemia = low blood sugar).

intra-

Prefix meaning within or inside (e.g., intravenous = within a vein).

sub-

Prefix meaning under or below (e.g., subcutaneous = under the skin).

pre-

Prefix meaning before (e.g., prenatal = before birth).

post-

Prefix meaning after (e.g., postoperative = after surgery).

cardi

Word root meaning heart (e.g., cardiology = study of the heart).

neur

Word root meaning nerve (e.g., neurology = study of the nervous system).

gastr

Word root meaning stomach (e.g., gastritis = stomach inflammation).

hepat

Word root meaning liver (e.g., hepatitis = liver inflammation).

oste

Word root meaning bone (e.g., osteoporosis = porous bones).

derm

Word root meaning skin (e.g., dermatology = study of the skin).

cyt

Word root meaning cell (e.g., cytology = study of cells).

-itis

Suffix meaning inflammation (e.g., arthritis = joint inflammation).

-logy

Suffix meaning study of (e.g., biology = study of life).

-ectomy

Suffix meaning surgical removal (e.g., appendectomy = removal of appendix).

-algia

Suffix meaning pain (e.g., neuralgia = nerve pain).

-emia

Suffix meaning blood condition (e.g., anemia = lack of red blood cells).

-pathy

Suffix meaning disease (e.g., neuropathy = nerve disease).

-gram

Suffix meaning record or image (e.g., electrocardiogram = heart recording).

Anatomical Position

Universal standard posture where the body stands upright, facing forward, with arms at the sides, palms facing forward (thumbs out), and feet slightly apart with toes pointing forward.

Anterior (ventral)

Directional term meaning toward the front of the body.

Posterior (dorsal)

Directional term meaning toward the back of the body.

Superior

Directional term meaning above or toward the head.

Inferior

Directional term meaning below or toward the feet.

Medial

Directional term meaning toward the midline of the body.

Lateral

Directional term meaning away from the midline.

Proximal

Directional term meaning closer to the point of limb attachment.

Distal

Directional term meaning farther from the point of limb attachment.

Superficial

Directional term meaning near the surface of the body.

Deep

Directional term meaning farther below the surface of the body.

Sagittal plane

Vertically oriented plane that divides the body into right and left parts ('sagittal' means 'arrow').

Transverse plane (axial, transaxial)

Horizontal plane parallel to the long axis of the body or organ that divides it into superior and inferior parts.

Coronal plane

Vertically oriented plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts ('coronal' refers to crown).

Abdominal Quadrants

The four divisions of the abdomen: Right upper quadrant, Left upper quadrant, Right lower quadrant, and Left lower quadrant.

Abdominal Regions

Nine anatomical regions of the abdomen: Right/Left Hypochondriac, Epigastric, Right/Left Lumbar (Flank), Umbilical, Right/Left Iliac (Inguinal), and Hypogastric (Pubic).

Cephalic

Regional anatomical term referring to the head.

Cervical

Regional anatomical term referring to the neck.

Acromial

Regional anatomical term referring to the shoulder.

Axillary

Regional anatomical term referring to the armpit.

Brachial

Regional anatomical term referring to the arm.

Antecubital

Regional anatomical term referring to the front of the elbow.

Olecranon

Regional anatomical term referring to the back of the elbow.

Antebrachium

Regional anatomical term referring to the forearm.

Carpus/Carpal

Regional anatomical term referring to the wrist.

Pollux

Regional anatomical term referring to the thumb.

Thoracic

Regional anatomical term referring to the chest cavity.

Umbilicus

Regional anatomical term referring to the navel.

Lumbar

Regional anatomical term referring to the lower back.

Gluteal

Regional anatomical term referring to the buttock.

Femoral

Regional anatomical term referring to the thigh/femur.

Patellar

Regional anatomical term referring to the kneecap.

Popliteal

Regional anatomical term referring to the back of the knee.

Sural

Regional anatomical term referring to the calf.

Tarsal

Regional anatomical term referring to the ankle.

Plantar

Regional anatomical term referring to the sole of the foot.

Hallux

Regional anatomical term referring to the big toe.