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13th amendment (1865)
abolition of slavery
Jim Crow laws
inspired by slavery’s black codes
state & city legislatures - segregated non-white citizens
Reconstruction period
some 600 African Americans elected as political leaders
followed by voter suppression (esp in the south)
Disenfranchisement of African Americans
poll tax
literacy tests
grandfather clause
intimidation
violence
KKK
founded by former confederate soldiers in 1865
Tennessee
Other Organizations like the KKK
Knights of the White Camellia
White League
Red Shirts
Enforcement Acts of 1870-1871
penalties for interfering in the voting process and authorized the President to employ the army to uphold the act
aimed at KK and other similar organizations that attempted to disenfranchise black voters
Brown v Board of Education I (1954)
5 cases that challenged the segregation in schools
representation for desegregation: Thurgood Marshall (NAACP)
ruled separate but equal as unjust in education
Brown v Board of Education II (1955)
desegregation of schools should proceed with all deliberate speed
Southern Manifesto (1956)
reaction to Brown v Board cases - 96 southern congressmen expressed their opposition to the ruling
Little Rock Nine (1957)
group of nine African American students enrolled in Little Rock Central High School
followed by the Little Rock Crisis (students were initially prevented from entering the racially segregated school by Gov of Arkansas)
federal assistance needed
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-56)
organizers: ED Nixon (NAACP) & JA Robinson
boycott ended with Gayle v Browder (1956)
segregated buses violated 14th amendment
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
formed in 1957
ML King and R Abernathy - founders & most prominent members
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
founded in 1960
after successful Greenboro, NC sit-ins
distinguished members:
John Lewis
Fred Shuttleworth
Hosea Williams
1st Freedom Ride
1947 = Journey of Reconciliation
sponsored by CORE
check compliance of supreme court ruling from 1946 banning segregation on interstate buses
Freedom Rides of 1961
sponsored by CORE (James Farmer = organizer)
help from NAACP and SCLC
test compliance with ruling of Boynton v Virginia (1960)
expanded the Morgan decision - outlawed segregated rooms, lunch counters, restrooms for interstate passengers
430 riders in total - 300 arrested
first riders = John Lewis & James Farmer
success: ICC passes the decision to desegregate bus and rail stations
Freedom Summer (1964)
MISSISSIPPI SUMMER PROJECT
sought to increase black voter registration in Mississippi
fell below 16% national average in black voter registration
Mississippi Voter Project proposed by Bob Moses (director of SNCC)
10 week Freedom Summer campaign
mass voter registration drives
creation of Freedom Schools
community centers
research programs
development of a progressive, independent political part - Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDOP)
Council of Federated Organizations (COFO)
SNCC collaborated with other organizations - CORE and NAACP - to coordinate civil rights groups during Mississippi Freedom Summer
¾ of 800 students = white; 300 women; mean age = 21
June 20, 1964
first wave of recruits = 200
left for Mississippi from Oxoford, Ohio
next day:
3 civil right works reported missing
bodies foun 6 months later
lynched (James Chaney, Michael Shwerner, Andrew Goodman - first 2 = CORE workers)
found in Neshoba County, Mississippi
KKK perpetrators arrested and all but one released
Civil Rights Act (1964)
landmark & benchmark civil rights legislation
protected basic rights of minorities
ending racial discrimination in employment, education, outlawed segregation in public places, most private business, voting
ratification of 24th amendment to Constitution - outlawed poll tax (Jan ‘65)
basis for affirmative action
Voting Rights Act (1965)
suspended all literacy tests & intimidation at polls
AL, GA, LA, MS, SC, VA, NC, AK
Civil Rights Act (1968) = Fair Housing Act
aimed to ban discrimination in housing as private practice & public policy
banks, insurance companies, and real estate boards
Nation of Islam (NOI)
1930
traditional Islam with black nationalist ideas and race-based theology
mocked non-violence movement
“hate group” - MLK
separatism + armed self-defense against white aggression
E Muhammad & L. Farrakhan
Malcom X
mocked non-violence
dismissed aspirations of civil rights leaders as fantasy
condemned conciliatory style as debasing
appointed as minister & national spokesman for Nation of Islam
Organizations involved with Brown v Board
NAACP
Organizations involved with Montgomery Bus Boycott
NAACP
Organizations involved with Freedom Rides
NAACP, SCLC, & CORE (main organizer)
Freedom Summer
NAACP, SNCC (main organizer), CORE