MS 1st concept eval

parkinsons disease

slowly progressing neurologic movement siorder that eventually leads to disability

dopamine

what neurotransmitter is lacking in parkinsons disease

levodopa and carbidopa

medication for parkinsons disease

rigidity, tremors, bradykinesia, postural instability

s/sx of parkinsons disease

educate on fall prevention

adherance on medication

nursing management for parkinsons disease

deep brain stimulation

surgical procedures for parkinsons disease

myasthenia gravis

a chronic autoimmune neuromascular disorder characterized by varying degress of skeletal muscle weaknessacety

acetylcholine

neruotransmitter affected in myasthenia gravis

mestinon

medication for myasthenia gravis

thymectomy

surgical intervention for myasthenia gravis

myasthenia crisis

complicaiton for myasthenia gravis

ptosis, diplopia, dysphagia

s/sx for myasthenia gravis

edrophonium test

diagnostic test for myasthenia gravis

position semi fowler

provide soft diet

manamgent for myasthenia gravis

Huntington's Disease

causes nerve cells in the brain to decay over time.

Huntington gene (HTT)

what happens in huntington disease

involuntary jerking

problems in attention

problems in sleeping

s/sx huntington disease

motor dysfunction

complicaiton for huntington disease

Degenerative Disc Disease

is a condition where the intervertebral discs of the spine lose hydration and elasticity over time, leading to disc thinning, reduced cushioning

Assist with positioning to reduce pressure on the spine

Frequent position changes

nursing intervention in Degenerative Disc Disease

analgesics; NSAIDs

medication for Degenerative Disc Disease

chronic lower back pain; decreased ROM

s/sx of Degenerative Disc Disease

brain abscess

is a localized collection of pus within the brain tissue, resulting from an infection

Maintain a safe environment to prevent injury

mplement strict aseptic techniques

interventions for brain abscess

antibiotics

cortiosteroids

medication for interventions for brain abscess

headache, fever, seizure

s/sx for interventions for brain abscess

ICP

complication for brain abscess

Arthropod-borne virus encephalitis

is a type of brain inflammation caused by viruses transmitted to humans through the bite of infected arthropods,

mosquito, tick

examples of

Arthropod-borne virus encephalitis

headache, fever

s/sx of Arthropod-borne virus encephalitis

on personal protection such asusing of insect repellent,

draining stagnant water

nursing intervention on Arthropod-borne virus encephalitis

paracetamol; antiviral

medications for Arthropod-borne virus encephalitis

herpes simplex encephalitis

serious and life threatening brain infection caused by herpes simplex virus

brain inflammation

what happens to brain in herpes simplex encephalitis

fever, headache, disorientation

s/sx of herpes simplex encephalitis

comfro measures to reduce headache

provide safety measures

nursing managment for herpes simplex encephalitis

acyclovir; dexamethasone

medicaiton for herpes simplex encephalitis

Altered Level of Consciousness

(LOC) refers to any state in which a person's awareness, responsiveness, or alertness is diminished.

ensure patent airway, regularly assess GCS

nnursing management of Altered Level of Consciousness

mannitol, phenytoin

medication for Altered Level of Consciousness

confusion; restlessness

early indicators for Altered Level of Consciousness

stupor; abnormal posturing

progressive signs of Altered Level of Consciousness

increased intracranial pressure

refers to the rise in pressure inside the skull, which can compress the brain and impaire its function

headache, nausea

early s/sx of increased intracranial pressure

lethargy; slurred speech

progressive s/sx of increased intracranial pressure

cuhsing triad

late stage s/sx increased intracranial pressure

hypertension; bradycardia; slow respi

cushing triad

head eleveation

airway management

nursing managemnet for increased intracranial pressure

hernation; severe brain damage

complicaiton for increased intracranial pressure

decompressive craniectomy

surgical interventions for increased intracranial pressure

mannitol; corticosteroids

medication for increased intracranial pressure

draws fluid out of brain tissue into the bloodstream

purpose of mannitol

ischemic stroke

occurs when a blood clot or plaque blocks a blood vessel in the brain, reducing blood flow to a specific area

face drooping

arm weakness

speech difficulty

call 911

fast s/sx ischemic stroke

anticoagulants, thrombolytics

medication for ischemic stroke

tissue plasmogen activator

TPA meaning

seizure

complication for ischemic stroke

hydrate patient

administer medicaiton as prescribed

nurisng interventions for ischemic stroke

carotid artery stenting

surgicla interventions for ischemic stroke

hermorrhagic stroke

A stroke that occurs when an artery ruptures, then causes bleeding into the brain tissue, ventricles, or subarachnoid space

intracerebral and subarachnoid

types of hemorrhagic stroke

thunderclap headache; altered LOC

s/sx of hemorrhagic stroke

aneurysms; arteriovenous malformation

causes of hemorrhagic stroke

restrict physical activity

assess neurological status frequently

nursing interventions for hemorrhagic stroke

nicardipine

antipyretics

medication for hemorrhagic stroke

traumatic brain injury

a brain dysfunction caused by an external force, such as a

blow to the head or penetrating injury.

focal and diffuse

types of TBI

primary injury

damage that occurs ath the momment of trauma

contact

acceleration and deceleration

types of mechanims that occur in prumary injury in TBI

blunt and penertrating

types of mechnaims or trauama in TBI

headache

attention issues

mild TBI s/sx

confusion

nausea repeated

moderate TBI s/sx

unconscious

seizures

severe TBI s/sx

mannitol; phenytoin

medicaiton for TBI

ensure proper positioning

maintain airway and oxygenation

nursing intervention in TBI

wear seatblets

never drive under influence

health educaito in TBi

gaze

comprehension

sensation

meaning of GCS

Contusion

: A bruise on the brain caused by direct impact

skull fracture

is a break or crack in one of the bones of the skull, typically caused by a blunt force trauma, such as a fall, motor vehicle accident, or physical assault

comminuted

linear

types of skull fracture

clear fluid leakage

altered LOC

localized pain

s/sx of skull fracture

signs of battle

bruising behind the eye

in skull fracture

blunt trauma

causes of contusion

blurred vision

amnesia

s/sx of contusion

elevate patients head

teach client to monitor for any signs of complicaiton

nursing management of contusion

acetaminophen

medicaiton for contusion

Intracranial hemorrhage

(ICH) refers to bleeding within the skull, either inside the brain tissue

Epidural hemorrhage

: Bleeding between the skull and dura mater, typically caused by trauma with a brief loss of consciousness followed by a lucid interval.

Subdural hemorrhage

: Bleeding between the dura mater and the brain. Often due to trauma, common in elderly and those with anticoagulant therapy.

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

: Bleeding in the space between the brain and the thin tissues covering it. Often caused by a ruptured aneurysm or head injury.

confusion

eye changes

neck stiffness

s/sx of Intracranial hemorrhage

steroids, sedation

medcation given to Intracranial hemorrhage

regular screening time

ensure safety measures

nursing intervention for Intracranial hemorrhage

concussion

is a mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) caused by a blow to the head or a violent shaking of the head and body

slurred speech

clumsiness

s/sx of concussion

Promote hydration and proper nutrition.

Encourage adequate rest and sleep.

nursing intervention for concussion

acetaminophen

metoclopramide

medicaiton for concussion

headache

nausea

Diffuse axonal injury

is a severe form of traumatic brain injury (TBI) that occurs when the brain is rapidly accelerated or decelerated, causing widespread shearing, stretching, or tearing of the axons (nerve fibers) within the brain

coma

motor dysfunction

emotional disturbances

s/sx of DAI

epilepsy

disability

complication for DAI