First History quiz

Tribute

Payments in the form of goods (such as gold, textiles, or food) and labor demanded by powerful empires like the Aztecs and Incas from subject peoples.

Matriarchy

A social system where power and inheritance are passed through female lines.

Animism

The belief that the natural world, including animals, plants, wind, and stones, is suffused with spiritual power.

Patriarchy

A social system where property and social identity descend through male lines, and men govern families.

Primogeniture

The European practice of fathers bestowing all their land on their eldest son.

Peasants

Rural farmworkers in Europe who made up the majority of the population in 1450.

Republic

A state with no king or prince, governed by coalitions of merchants.

Civic Humanism

An ideology that emerged in the Italian republics, praising public virtue and service to the state.

Renaissance

A period of cultural transformation in Europe characterized by a flowering of arts and learning.

Guilds

Artisan organizations that regulated trades and were often granted privileges by monarchs.

Christianity

A monotheistic religion that became the official religion of the Roman Empire in A.D. 312.

Heresy

Doctrines or beliefs inconsistent with the official teachings of the Catholic Church.

Islam

A religion founded by the prophet Muhammad that spread and competed with Christianity.

Crusades

A series of Christian military campaigns intended to reverse Muslim advances in Europe.

Predestination

A doctrine by John Calvin that holds that God chooses certain people for salvation.

Protestant Reformation

The 16th-century religious movement that challenged the Catholic Church.

Counter-Reformation

The Catholic Church’s internal reform movement in response to the Protestant Reformation.

Trans-Saharan Trade

The primary trade network for West Africans moving gold, copper, salt, and slaves across the desert.

Reconquista

The centuries-long military campaign by Spanish Catholics to drive Muslim Arabs from the European mainland.

Aztecs

A powerful empire known for demanding tribute from its subject peoples.

Incas

An empire in South America that also demanded tribute from conquered peoples.

Iroquois

A society known for its matriarchal social system.

Merchants

Individuals involved in trade, often influential in republic governance.

Jesuits

A religious order founded during the Counter-Reformation to promote Catholicism.

Textiles

Cloth or fabric often traded in the Trans-Saharan Trade.

Holy Lands

The areas in the Middle East that were the focus of the Crusades.

Doomed

The fate of certain individuals according to the doctrine of predestination.

Heresy

Beliefs that oppose the established doctrines of the Church.

Cultural Transformation

Significant changes in art, learning, and thought during the Renaissance.

Military Campaigns

Planned operations in warfare, exemplified by the Crusades.