Topic 1: Anatomy and Physiology, Cell Biology and Homeostasis

Superior

(cranial) towards the head (higher, above)

Inferior

(caudal) away from head (lower, under)

Posterior

(dorsal) toward the back

Anterior

(ventral) front of the body

Proximal

Closer to the point of attachment (limbs, arms, legs)

Distal

farthest away from attachment

Deep

(internal) away from body surface

Intermediate

between two structures

superficial

(external) outside/ toward body surface

Anatomical position

- standing face forward, arms to side, palms forward, fingers extended thumbs away, feet separated, toes pointed forward

Where and what is the dorsal body cavity?

Toward the back and and houses the central nervous system (CNS).

What are the two parts of the dorsal body cavity?

Cranial cavity(houses brain) and vertebral cavity (houses spine)

Ventral body cavity

Towards the front of the body, contains visceral organs (guts)

What are the two parts of the ventral body cavity

thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

thoracic cavity contains

heart, lungs, trachea, esophagus

Thoracic cavity divided into what

3 portions left pleural cavity (houses left lung, Mediastinum (heart (also has own cavity called pericardial) , esophagus, thymus gland trachea) , right pleural cavity (houses right lung)

Two main parts of abdominopelvic cavity

Abdominal cavity (liver, stomach, pancreas, spleen, gallbladder, intestines and kidneys

Pelvic cavity ( bladder, reproductive organs, distal portion of large intestine (rectum, sigmoid colon)

What are three serous fluids

Pleura, pericardium, peritoneum

Pleura

membrane that lines pleural cavity and covers lungs in thoracic cavity

Pericardium

Membrane lining pericardial cavity (covers heart)

peritoneum membrane

lines peritoneal cavity in abdominal pelvic region

Part of serous membrane touching organ

visceral layer

Parietal layer

outer lining of membrane

The three membranes found in the dorsal cavity that cover the spinal cord and brain

meninges

sagittal plane

runs vertically top to bottom, divides body into left and right portion

Midsagittal (median) Plane

divides body perfectly down the midline

Parasagittal plane

does not run perfectly down midline

Oblique plane

any angle (not horizontal or vertical)

Transverse Plane

horizontal division of the body into superior and inferior portions

frontal (coronal) plane

vertical plane dividing body into front/back (anterior and posterior) portions

What organs are in the right upper quadrant

- Liver, stomach, gallbladder, duodenum, right kidney, pancreas, tranverse colon (right adrenal gland)

What organs are in the left upper quadrant

liver, left adrenal gland, stomach, left kidney, spleen, small intestine

What organs are in the right lower quadrant

appendix, reproductive organs, right ureter

What organs are in the left lower quadrant

left ureter, reproductive organs

Cell membrane

A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell. (all cells have this)

Cell wall

rigid outer layer found in plants, fungi, and bacteria, gives extra support and protection.

Cytoplasm

Everything inside the cell membrane but the nucleus. It includes the cytosol and organelles.

Cytosol

jelly like substance of the cytoplasm

Intracellular fluid

Fluid located inside cells. Cytosol makes up most of this

Extracellular fluid

fluid outside the cell

Nucleus

Contains the cell's DNA and controls cell activities

Neoplasm

an abnormal growth of cells that may form a tumor and can be benign or malignant.

Mitochondrion

bean shaped, produces ATP, the cell's main source of energy.

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Folded membrane covered with ribosomes, Makes and transports proteins.

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Folded no ribosomes, Produces lipids, helps detoxify harmful substances, and stores calcium.

Golgi complex

Modifies, sorts, packages, and ships proteins and lipids.

Nucleolus

inside nucleus, Produces ribosomal RNA and assembles ribosome parts.

Cytoskeleton

Network of protein fibers throughout the cell. supports the cell, maintains its shape, helps movement, and moves materials inside the cell.

Ribosomes

makes proteins

Hydrophilic

substances attracted to water (water loving) and can dissolve or mix with it because they are polar (ex: hydrophilic phosphate heads face the watery fluid

Hydrophobic

(water fearing) substances repel water and do not dissolve well in (ex; hydrophobic fatty acid tails point inward, away from water)

Molecules of the plasma membrane

Phospholipids: Form the phospholipid bilayer. The hydrophilic heads face water, while the hydrophobic tails face inward. This creates the membrane's basic barrier. (Protects and surrounds the cell)

Proteins: Help transport substances across the membrane, Controls what enters and leaves the cell

Cholesterol: Helps keep the membrane stable and flexible. It prevents the membrane from becoming too rigid or too fluid.

Carbohydrates: They help with cell recognition, communication, and immune system identification.

Describe the phospholipid bilayer

ain structure of the plasma membrane. It is made of two layers of phospholipids.

Why is concentration of a solution important

Movement of water across cell membranes

Movement of substances into and out of cells

Cell size and shape

Nerve and muscle function

Blood pressure and fluid balance

Normal chemical reactions in the body

What are factors that affect the concentration of a solution

The amount of solute added

The amount of solvent present

Water loss through sweating, vomiting, or diarrhea

Water intake

Kidney function

Hormones that control fluid balance

Movement of substances across membranes

Evaporation

Isotonic solution

concentration is equal inside and outside the red blood cell, cell stays the same

Hypertonic solution

solution outside the cell has a higher solute concentration, water out of cell, so cell shrinks

Hypotonic solution

solution outside the cell has a lower solute concentration. Water moves into the red blood cell, causing it to swell/burst

Composition and function of Proteoglycans

core protein with many long carbohydrate chains attached, help form the extracellular matrix, hold water, and support structures such as cartilage.

Composition and function of Glycoproteins

Proteins with shorter carbohydrate chains attached, Help with cell recognition, and communication

Composition and function of Glycocalyx

carbohydrate-rich coating on the outside of the plasma membrane, Protects the cell, helps cells attach to surrounding tissues.

Describe the structure and functions of a protein

Proteins are folded chains of amino acids that build, transport, protect, communicate, and control reactions in the body.

Diffusion

movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration until they are evenly distributed.

Osmosis

specific type of diffusion involving only water. Water moves across a selectively permeable membrane from an area with more water and less solute to an area with less water and more solute.

Similarities of diffusion vs osmosis

Are forms of passive transport

Do not require cellular energy

Move substances toward equilibrium

Can occur across cell membranes

Selective Permeability

cell membrane chooses what substances to pass through while blocking others.

Aquaporins

special protein channels in the cell membrane that allow water to move quickly into and out of cells. They help control water balance in tissues such as the kidneys.

Filtration

movement of water and small substances across a membrane because of pressure. The substances move from an area of higher pressure to lower pressure. (pressure pushes substances through)

Describe the differences between microvilli and cilia.

Microvilli: Increase the cell's surface area, increase absorption

- found in small intestine and kidneys

Cilia: Sweep fluids, mucus, or particles across the cell's surface

- Found in the respiratory tract and uterine tubes

composition of Normal Saline

0.9% sodium chloride

Sterile water

About 154 mEq/L of sodium

About 154 mEq/L of chloride