hgap 2.4-2.9

Immigrant

people who moved into a country

Emigrant

people who moved out of the country

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

the number of births per 1,000 individuals per year

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

the average number of children who would be born per woman between ages 15-49 (childbearing ages)

Life Expectancy

The average number of years an individual can be expected to live

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

the number of children who die before their first birthday

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

the number of deaths per 1,000 individuals per year

Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)

The percentage of annual growth or decline in population, calculated by (CBR - CDR)/10

Population Doubling Time

the time required for a population to double in size and can be estimated using the equation known as the rule of 70

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

shows five typical stages of population change that countries pass through as they modernize

Stage 1 DTM (Characteristics)

Very high birth and death rates. No long term natural increase and little population growth. No countries in this stage

Stage 1 Population Pyramid

shrub (high stationary)

Stage 2 STM (Characteristics)

high birth rate, low life expectancy, rapid population growth (LDC)

Stage 2 Population Pyramid

tree (early expanding), wide base, narrowing upper years

Stage 3 DTM (Characteristics)

decline in birth rates and slower decline in death rates as life expectancy goes up. emerging urbanization and industrialization (MDC)

Stage 3 Population Pyramid

house (late expanding) wide base but higher life expectancy

Demographic Momentum

this is the tendency for growing population to continue growing after a fertility decline because people are living longer

Stage 4 DTM (Characteristics)

low, but steady birth rate and low death rate, indicating higher life expectancy, population is not significantly growing or shrinking

Stage 4 Population Pyramid

box (low stationary)

Stage 5 DTM (Characteristics)

low death rate and even lower birth rate with population made up of elderly, slow population decline and very low RNI

Stage 5 Population Pyramid

cup (declining)

Epidemiological Transition Model (ETM)

A model highlighting the common causes of death and changing death rate in each stage of the demographic transition

Thomas Malthus

an English economist who argued that increases in population would outgrow increases in the means of resources in his publication An Essay on The Principle of Population

Malthusian Theory

The theory that population grows faster than food supply

Overpopulation

The number of people in an area exceeds the carrying capacity

Ester Boserup

The Danish economist who argued that rising populations will stimulate human societies to produce more food through innovation and technology.

Boserup Theory

Population growth stimulates intensification in agricultural development- opposite of Malthus theory.

Neo-Malthusians

People who believed in Malthusian Theory and in the idea that population was not only outstripping food but other resources

Anti-Natalist Policies

government policies to reduce the number of births in a country and are typically used by developing countries

One Child Policy

A policy implemented by the Chinese government that subjected parents who wanted more than one child to fines

Gender Preference

preference of having children of one gender over the other (typically male over female)

Pronatalist Policies

family friendly government policies that encourage fertility rate

Total Fertility Rate

The average number of children born to a woman during her childbearing years.

Dependency Ratio

ratio of the dependent population to the potential working force

Dependent Population

people under 15 or over 64

rule of 70

if the growth rate remains steady, the approximate doubling time will be 70/growth rate