human nutrition

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76 Terms

1

what elements do carbohydrates contain

carbon

hydrogen

oxygen

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2

what elements do proteins contain

carbon

hydrogen

oxygen

nitrogen

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3

what elements do lipids contain

carbon

hydrogen

oxygen

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4

what are proteins made out of

long chains of amino acids

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5

what are carbohydrates made up of

simple sugars

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6

what are large, complex carbohydrates made out of

many smaller units joined together in a long chain

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7

what are examples of smaller units of carbohydrates

glucose

maltose

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8

what are examples of large, complex carbohydrates

starch

glycogen

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9

what are lipids made out of

fatty acids and glycerol

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10

how to prepare a food sample

break of a piece of food using pestle and mortar

add distilled water

mix

filter the solution

use the filtrate

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11

how to test for glucose

prepare food sample

prepare water bath at 75c

add benedict solution

leave it there for 5 minutes

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12

what happens if glucose is present

changes from blue to green to yellow to brick red

depending on concentration

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13

how to test for starch

prepare food sample

add iodine solution

shake

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14

what happens if starch is present

changes from brown-orange to blue-black

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15

how to test for proteins

prepare food sample

add biuret solution

shake

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16

what happens if proteins are present

changes from blue to pink to purple

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17

how to test for lipids

prepare food sample without filtering

add Sudan III stain solution

gently shake

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18

what happens if lipids are present

mixture will separate into two layers

top layer will be bright red - staining the lipids

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19

balanced diet definition

provides the essential nutrients we need

in the right proportions

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20

what is the function of carbohydrates

provides energy

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21

what is the function of lipids

provides energy

provides insulation

acts as energy store

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22

what is the function of proteins

growth and repair of tissue

provides energy in emergencies

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23

what is the function of vitamin a

improves vision

keeps skin and hair healthy

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24

what is the function of vitamin c

prevents scurvy

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25

what is the function of vitamin d

needed for calcium absorption

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26

what is the function of calcium

makes bones and teeth

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27

what is the function of iron

makes haemoglobin for healthy blood

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28

what is the function of water

need a constant supply of water for every bodily function

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29

what is the function of dietary fibre

aids movement of food through the gut

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30

what happens if there isnt enough dietary fibre

constipation

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31

what are carbohydrates found in

pasta

rice

sugar

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32

what are lipids found in

butter

oily fish

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33

what are proteins found in

meat

fish

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34

what is vitamin a found in

liver

carrots

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35

what is vitamin c found in

fruits

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36

what is vitamin d found in

eggs

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37

what is calcium found in

milk

cheese

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38

what is iron found in

red meat

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39

what is dietary fibre found in

fruit

wholemeal bread

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40

what does energy requirement depend on

age

activity level

pregnancy

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41

why do pregnant women need for energy

support fetal growth and development

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42

what happens if there is a deficiency of iron

causes anaemia

leading to fatigue and weakness due to lack of oxygen transport

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43

what happens if there is a deficiency of vitamin d

causes rickets

small weak bones for children

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44

what does starch, proteins and fats have in common

large molecules

insoluble

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45

what does amylase do

converts starch into maltose

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46

what does maltase do

converts maltose into glucose

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47

what do proteases do

converts proteins into amino acids

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48

what do lipases do

converts lipids into glycerol and fatty acids

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49

where is amylase found

salivary glands

pancreas

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50

where is protease found

stomach

pancreas

small intestine

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51

where is lipase found

pancreas

mouth

stomach

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52

functions of bile

neutralizes stomach acid

emulsifies fat

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53

function of hydrochloric acid in stomach

kills bacteria

creates acidic environment for pepsin

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54

why does bile neutralize stomach acid

to make sure the pH is optimum for enzymes to work in

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55

emulsification definition

breaks down fat into tiny droplets

gives it a bigger surface area for lipase to work with

digestion is faster

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56

where is bile produced

liver

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57

where is bile stored

gall bladder

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58

where is bile released

small intestine

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59

peristalsis

series of wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the digestive track

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60

what is the function of the mouth

salivary glands produce amylase in saliva

teeth mechanically break down food

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61

difference between mechanical and chemical breakdown of food

mechanical digestion involves physically breaking down foo (via chewing or stomach churning)

chemical digestion involves enzymes and bile

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62

what is the function of the oesophagus

muscular tube connecting mouth and stomach

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63

what is the function of the stomach

pummels food with its muscular walls

produces the protease enzyme pepsin

produces hydrochloric acid

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64

what is the function of hydrochloric acid

kill bacteria

give optimum pH for protease enzyme to work (acidic)

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65

what is the function of the pancreas

produces protease, amylase and lipase

releases them into small intestine

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66

what is the function of the small intestine

produces protease, amylase and lipase enzymes to complete digestion

nutrients are absorbed here

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67

what is the first part of the small intestine called

duodenum

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68

what is the last part of the small intestine called

ileum

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69

what is the function of the large intestine

excess water is absorbed from the food

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70

what is the function of the rectum

faeces are stored before excreted through the anus

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71

assimilation

process where absorbed nurtients are used to build new tissues and cells

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72

adaptions of villi

single permeable layer

good blood supply

long

microvilli

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73

what does a good blood supply and single-permeable layer help with villi

assists in quick absorption

small distance for diffusion

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74

what does microvilli and being long help with villi

there is a large surface area

more diffusion into bloodstream

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75

roles of lacteals in villi

absorb fatty acids and glycerol into the lymphatic system

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76

how is glucose absorbed from the small intenstine to the bloodstream

via active transport

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