Bio 103 Chapters 1-5

Describe how living things show hierarchical organization

it progresses from atoms to the biosphere. At each higher level, emergent properties arise that are greater than the sum of the parts.

Describe the nature of science

observation & reasoning

What methods are used to understand & study science

science is concerned with developing and increasing accurate description of nature through observation experimentation

What are two types of reasoning used in science to draw conclusions

1) deductive

2) inductive

What does deductive mean

applies general principles to predict specific results

What does inductive mean

uses specific observations to make a general rule

What are the steps in order used in the scientific method

What does variables mean

processes that are influenced by many factors

What does control experiment mean

that variable is left unaltered

What does test experiment mean

one variable is altered in a known way to test a particular hypothesis

Give an example of how predictions are used

provide a way to test the validity of the hypothesis

What does reductionism mean

attempts to understand a complex system by breaking it down into its component parts. It's limited b/c parts may act different when isolated from the largest system

What does models mean

provides a way of organizing or thinking about a problem; may also suggest experimental approaches

What does theory mean

proposed explanation for some natural phenomenon and as a body of concepts that explains facts in an area of study

What does basic research mean

extends the boundaries of what we know.

What does applied research mean

seeks to use scientific findings in practical areas such as agriculture, medicine, and industry

What does phylogenetic tree mean

branching diagram or "tree" showing the inferred evolutionary relationships among various biological species or other entities

Kingdom Plantae

organisms that have cell walls of cellulose and obtain energy by photosynthesis

Kingdom Fungi

have cell walls of chitin and obtain energy by secreting digestive enzymes and then absorbing the products they release from the external environment

Kingdom Animalia

contains organisms that lack cell walls and obtain energy by first ingesting other organisms and then digesting them internally

Kingdom Protista

consists of all the unicellular eukaryotes except yeasts as well as the multicellular algae

atoms

the fundamental elements of matter

cells

basic unit of life and is the foundation for understanding growth and reproduction in all organisms

tissue

groups of similar cells that act as a fundamental unit

organ

body structures composed of several different tissues that act as a structural and functional unit

population

a group of organisms of the same species living in the same place

homologous

same evolutionary origin, but they now differ in structure and function

analogous

similar function but different evolutionary origins

cell theory

describes the organization of living systems

DNA

a long cable like molecule

gene

discrete unit of info

chapter 2

The nature of molecules and the properties of water

What does element mean

composed of atoms that have the same atomic number

What does atomic number mean

the number of protons in the nucleus

atomic structure includes

a central nucleus and orbiting electrons

What does atomic mass mean

sum of the mass of protons and neutrons in an atom

What does proton mean

a positive electric charge equal in magnitude to that of an electron, but of opposite sign

What does electron mean

a stable subatomic particle with a charge of negative electricity (determines the chemical behavior of atoms)

What does neutron mean

a subatomic particle of about the same mass as a proton but without an electric charge

What does ion mean

atoms that gain or lose electrons

What does isotope mean

atoms of a single element that possess different numbers of neutrons

orbitals

lie at varying distances around the nucleus

cation

atom having more protons than electrons and has a net positive charge

anion

atom having fewer protons than electrons carries a net negative charge

What does Oxidation mean

the loss of electrons from an atom

What does reduction mean

the gain of an electron

What does reaction mean

electrons can be transferred from one atom to another in a coupled redox

electrons

determine the chemical behavior of atoms

Valence electrons

determine the reactivity of the elements and their chemical properties

What does radioactive decay

the nucleus of an unstable atom loses energy by emitting radiation, including alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, and conversion electrons

How do we use radioactive decay to determine when materials form

What are the elements found in living things

????? carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur

What is the Octet Rule

a molecule formed by a covalent bond and is stable. each atom has eight electrons

What is the Duet Rule

adaptation of the octet rule that applies to hydrogen and lithium. Because atoms of these elements only possess s orbitals, two electrons can create a filled energy state like the nearest noble gas, helium

What does compound mean

charge must be equal to zero

Given elements determine

the correct compound by determining the charge of each ion and use subscripts to balance the charge

ionic bonds

form crystals

polar covalent bonds

involve unequal sharing of electrons

non polar covalent bonds

involve equal sharing of electrons between atoms

What factors influence Chemical Reactions

temperature, reactant concentration, and the presence of catalysts

What does a single bond mean

a chemical bond in which one pair of electrons is shared between two atoms.

What does a double bond mean

a chemical bond in which two pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms

What does a triple bond mean

a chemical bond in which three pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms.

What does Carbon mean

the chemical element of atomic number 6, a nonmetal that has two main forms (diamond and graphite) and that also occurs in impure form in charcoal, soot, and coal.

What is the rule for Carbon

it must have four bonds

What is used mostly in Organic Chemistry

Methane, Ethane, Propane, butane, pentane, octane, nonane, decane

What does Properties of Water mean

What is an example of benefits of Properties of Water

universal solvent of Life

water

Tetrahedron

descriptor of the geometry of a molecule in which a central atom forms four bonds which are directed toward the corners of a regular tetrahedron

surface tension

a tautness of the surface of a liquid, caused by the cohesion of the molecules of liquid.

cohesion

tendency of water molecules to adhere to one another due to hydrogen bonding

adhesion

water molecules adhere to other polar molecules

high specific heat

helps maintain temperature, it is high because it takes a considerable amount of energy to disrupt hydrogen bonds

high heat of vaporization mean

facilitates cooling, breaking hydrogen bonds to turn liquid water into vapor takes a lot of energy

What does Solubility mean

Amount of a substance that dissolves in a unit volume of a liquid substance to form a saturated solution under specified conditions of temperature and pressure

What does soluble mean

When something can be dissolved or liquefied in the presence of another substance

What does insoluble mean

describe substances with a low solubility

Ice lower density

so it floats

weak

spaced farther apart in the solid phase of water than in the liquid phase

Hydrophobic

molecules that are nonpolar are repelled by water

Hydrophilic

polar molecules or portions of molecules are attached to water

hydrophobic exclusion

can affect the structure of DNA, proteins, and biological membranes

buffer

substance that resists changes in pH

base

combines with H when dissolved in water, thus lowers the H

What does Ph for Acid mean

8-14

What does Ph for Base mean

1-6

Chapter 3

The Chemical Building Blocks of Life

What does isomer mean

organic molecules that have the same molecular formulas but different structures

What does structural isomers mean

molecules with the same formula but different structures

What does stereoisomer mean

differ in how groups are attached

What does enantiomers mean

mirror-image stereoisomers

What does chiral compounds mean

characterized by their effect on polarized light

What are 4 types of macromolecules

carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids

What does carbohydrates mean

loosely defined group of molecules that all contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the molar ration

What does monosaccharides mean

simple sugars

What are examples of monosaccharides

glyceraldehyde, deoxyribose, glucose

What does disaccharides mean

serve as transparent molecules in plants and provide nutrition in animals

What are examples of disaccharides

Maltose, Lactose, Sucrose

What does polysaccharides mean

provide energy storage and structural component, longer polymers made up of monosaccharides that have been joined through dehydration reactions