data link 3

The data-link layer is responsible for __ between two adjacent nodes.

communication

The foundation on which local area networks (LANs) and wide area networks (WANs) are built is the __ layer.

data-link

In the context of the data-link layer, __ refer to the two end hosts and any intermediate routers.

nodes

The networks connecting the nodes are referred to as __.

links

A __ link is dedicated to communication between two devices, utilizing the full capacity of the medium.

Point-to-Point

A type of link where the transmission medium is shared among several pairs of devices is called a __ link.

Broadcast

Data-Link Control (DLC) deals with procedures for communication between __ nodes.

two adjacent

The second sublayer of the data-link layer that manages how multiple devices share the transmission medium is called __.

Media Access Control (MAC)

Framing involves packing bits into frames, making each message distinguishable by adding and addresses.

sender, destination

Error Control deals with detecting and possibly correcting data __ that occurs during transmission.

corruption

High-Level Data-Link Control (HDLC) defines three types of __: information frames (I-frames), supervisory frames (S-frames), and unnumbered frames (U-frames).

frames

The __ Protocol (PPP) is commonly used for point-to-point links and includes protocols for link establishment and authentication.

Point-to-Point

Random Access methods in media access protocols are where no station has __; each decides to transmit based on the state of the medium.

priority

In Controlled Access methods, access to the shared medium is __ by a primary device that queries secondary devices.

controlled

Link-layer addresses used to identify the source and destination of a frame are also known as __ or MAC addresses.

physical addresses

The process of mapping network-layer addresses to link-layer addresses is defined by the __ Resolution Protocol (ARP).

Address

Hamming Distance refers to the number of differing bits between two __.

codewords

Normal Response Mode (NRM) allows one primary station to control communication with __ secondary stations.

multiple

Asynchronous Balanced Mode (ABM) is used for point-to-point links where each station acts as a __.

peer

In HDLC, information frames (I-frames) are used to transport user __.

data

A frame check sequence (FCS) is used for __ detection in HDLC frames.

error

Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) is a method where a station senses the medium before attempting to __.

transmit

A jamming signal is sent after detecting a collision in __/CD to alert other stations.

CSMA