chem 1204 test 2

Energy Storage

Lipids store energy primarily as fat and protect cells through the lipid bilayer of cell membranes.

Subcutaneous Fat

Protects against bruising and environmental damage.

Eicosanoids

Lipids that serve as precursors to various hormones, such as prostaglandins.

Glycerol

An alcohol important in the structure of lipids.

Hydrolyzable Lipids

Lipids that can be broken down via hydrolysis, such as triglycerides.

Triglycerides

A type of hydrolyzable lipid that can be hydrolyzed into glycerol and fatty acids.

Phospholipid

A class of lipids that include glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids.

Saturated Fatty Acids

Fatty acids with no double bonds, like stearic acid.

Cis Isomers

Naturally occurring unsaturated fatty acids, where hydrogen atoms are on the same side of the double bond.

Cholesterol

A steroid that functions in cell membranes and is a precursor to bile salts and steroid hormones.

Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Fatty acids found in fish oils, beneficial for reducing blood clotting and inflammation.

Atherosclerosis

The build-up of cholesterol plaques in blood vessels, increasing the risk for heart attack.

Passive Diffusion

Movement of small, non-polar molecules through the membrane without energy.

Lipoproteins

Complexes that transport lipids throughout the body; includes HDL and LDL.

Arachidonic Acid

A fatty acid that leads to the synthesis of prostaglandins involved in pain and inflammation.

Esters

Compounds formed from the reaction of carboxylic acids and alcohols.

Saponification

The hydrolysis of triglycerides in a base to form soap.

Lipid Bilayer

A double layer of phospholipids that makes up the cell membrane, providing structural integrity and barrier functions.

Fatty Acids

Building blocks of lipids, characterized by long hydrocarbon chains with a carboxylic acid group.

Trans Fats

Unsaturated fats that have been hydrogenated, which may increase the risk of heart disease.

Lipid Metabolism

The process through which lipids are synthesized and broken down in the body.

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Fatty acids that contain one or more double bonds in their carbon chains, often liquid at room temperature.

Chylomicrons

Lipoprotein particles that transport dietary lipids from the intestines to other locations in the body.

Essential Fatty Acids

Fatty acids that the body cannot synthesize and must be obtained from the diet, such as omega-3 and omega-6.

Sphingolipids

A class of lipids that include sphingosine as a backbone and are important in signaling and cell recognition.

Hydrophobic Effect

The tendency of non-polar substances to aggregate in aqueous solutions, minimizing their exposure to water.

Lipid Rafts

Microdomains within the cell membrane that are rich in cholesterol and sphingolipids, important for

Phospholipid Bilayer

A structural arrangement of phospholipids forming two layers, essential for cell membrane integrity.

Fatty Acid Composition

The specific types of fatty acids present in fats, influencing their physical properties and role in health.

Lipid Signaling Molecules

Molecules such as steroid hormones derived from lipids that play a critical role in cellular communication.

Lipid Degeneration

The breakdown of lipids, which can contribute to various health issues, including cardiovascular diseases.

Fatty Acid Oxidation

The metabolic process of breaking down fatty acids for energy production in the body.

Lipid Transport Mechanisms

Processes through which lipids are moved in the bloodstream, crucial for proper lipid metabolism.

Eicosanoid Precursors

Fatty acids that are converted to eicosanoids, involved in inflammatory responses and other processes.

Micelles

Aggregate structures formed by lipids in aqueous environments, aiding in the digestion and absorption of fats.

Lipid Bilayer Function

The lipid bilayer serves as a barrier to control the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

Fatty Acid Categories

Fatty acids are categorized into saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated types that affect health differently.

Sodium-Potassium Pump

A protein that uses energy to transport sodium out and potassium into cells, essential for maintaining membrane potential.

Lipid Absorption

The process by which lipids are taken up in the intestines, requiring bile salts for emulsification.

Glycerolipids

Lipids that include glycerol and fatty acids; key components in cell membranes.

Non-Esterified Fatty Acids

Fatty acids released from triglycerides, important in metabolic processes.

Cholesterol Homeostasis

The balance of cholesterol synthesis and uptake in the body to maintain normal levels.

Bile Acids

Derivatives of cholesterol that aid in the emulsification and absorption of fats.

Lipolysis

The breakdown of fats and other lipids to release fatty acids, usually in response to hormonal signaling.

Lipid Raft Functions

Lipid rafts are involved in cellular signaling and the sorting of proteins within the cell membrane.

Lipid Function

Lipids serve various functions, including energy storage, insulation, and cell membrane structure.

Enterohepatic Recirculation

The recycling process of bile acids between the intestine and the liver.

Phosphatidylcholine

A major component of biological membranes, crucial for cell signaling and structure.

Fatty Acid Synthesis

The metabolic process of creating fatty acids from acetyl-CoA, primarily occurring in the liver.

Lipid Peroxidation

The oxidative degradation of lipids, resulting in free radicals and potentially harmful products.

Fibrous Lipoproteins

Lipoproteins like VLDL and LDL that primarily transport triglycerides and cholesterol.

Triacylglycerol

Another term for triglycerides, composed of three fatty acids esterified to glycerol.

Lipoprotein Lipase

An enzyme that hydrolyzes triglycerides in lipoproteins, facilitating fatty acid uptake by tissues.

Ceramides

A type of sphingolipid involved in cellular signaling and apoptosis.

Fatty Acid Release

The process of breaking down triglycerides to free fatty acids for energy use.

Lipid Metabolism Disorders

Conditions that arise from abnormalities in lipid metabolism, leading to issues like hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis.

Fatty Acid Distribution

The specific distribution of fatty acids in different tissues, influencing metabolic processes and health outcomes.

Lipids in Membrane Fluidity

Lipids contribute to the fluidity of cell membranes, which is essential for cell function and signaling.

Lipid-Diet Interactions

How dietary lipids impact lipid levels in the body, affecting overall health and disease risk.

Cholesterol Transport

The process by which cholesterol is transported in the bloodstream, mainly through lipoproteins.

Fatty Acid Desaturation

The enzymatic process of introducing double bonds into fatty acid chains, influencing their properties.

Sphingomyelin

A type of sphingolipid that is a major component of the myelin sheath surrounding nerve cells.

Lipid-Protein Interactions

The interactions between lipids and proteins that are crucial for membrane structure and function.

Fatty Acid Esters

Compounds formed from the reaction of fatty acids with alcohols, important in various biological processes.

Oxidative Stress and Lipids

The damage to lipids caused by reactive oxygen species, contributing to cell injury and disease.

Diacylglycerols

A type of glycerolipid that can act as signaling molecules and are involved in various metabolic pathways.

Lipid Solubility

The ability of lipids to dissolve in non-polar solvents, making them essential for cell membranes.

Fatty Acid Turnover

The process of fatty acids being exchanged within lipid pools in cells, important for energy regulation.

Lipid Biosynthesis

The metabolic pathways through which lipids are synthesized in the body, including fatty acids and cholesterol.

Triglyceride Storage

The storage of excess lipids in adipose tissues as triglycerides for future energy use.

Phospholipid Function

Phospholipids serve as structural components of cell membranes and play roles in cell signaling.

Peroxidation

The oxidative degradation of lipids, leading to the formation of toxic products and free radicals.

Cholesterol's Role

Cholesterol is necessary for the synthesis of hormones, vitamin D, and bile acids.

Fatty Acid Chain Length

The length of fatty acid chains affects their melting point and biological functions.

Lipid-Protein Complexes

Assemblies formed by lipids and proteins that serve various functional roles in cellular processes.

Metabolic Syndrome

A cluster of conditions caused by lipid imbalances, increasing the risk of heart disease and diabetes.

Fatty Acid Conversion

The process through which fatty acids can be converted into other lipid forms, such as ketones.

Lipid Synthesis Regulation

Mechanisms that control the synthesis of lipids, influenced by hormonal and nutritional factors.

Adipose Tissue Functions

Stores energy, cushions organs, and regulates temperature by insulating the body.

Fatty Acid Uptake

The process by which cells absorb fatty acids from the bloodstream, vital for energy metabolism.

Lipid Transport Proteins

Proteins that facilitate the movement of lipids throughout the body, ensuring delivery to cells.

Lipid Profile

A blood test measuring different types of lipids, important for assessing cardiovascular health.

Very Low-Density Lipoproteins (VLDL)

Lipoproteins that transport triglycerides from the liver to tissues.

Fatty Acid Composition Impact

The types of fatty acids influence health outcomes, such as heart disease risk.

Nutritional Lipids

Essential fatty acids obtained from diet play critical roles in bodily functions.

Bile Salt Functions

Help emulsify fats in the digestive tract, aiding in lipid absorption.