taste and smell

what type of receptors are olfactory receptors?

chemoreceptors

what do olfactory receptors respond to?

chemicals dissolved in liquid

Once olfactory receptors are stimulated, nerve impulses travel through openings in ————- ————-

cribiform plates

what is the pathway for an olfactory nerve? (5)

olfactory nerves- olfactory bulbs- olfactory tracts- limbic system (for emotions)- olfactory cortex (for interpretation)

sense of smell drops by ——-% within a ————— after stimulation

50, second

how many olfactory receptors do humans have?

6-12 million

what gives us pleasure of flavors? (3)

temperature, smell, texture

what type of receptors are taste receptors?

chemoreceptors

what are the sensitive parts of taste receptors?

taste hairs/microvilli

what do taste hairs/microvilli protrude from?

pores of taste buds

how many taste buds are in the mouth?

10,000

what do spicy foods activate in the mouth?

pain receptors

what is the sweet taste stimulated by?

carbs

what is sour taste stimulated by?

acids

what is salty taste stimulated by?

salts

what is bitter taste stimulated by?

many organic compounds

what is umami taste stimulated by?

amino acids

do taste receptors have fast or slow adaptation?

fast

what are 5 examples of bitter flavoured food?

coffee, unsweetened chocolate, quinine, olives, beer hops

what percent of the population are supertasters?

25%

what are supertasters?

perople who require less fat/sugar but more salt to drown out bitterness

what are 4 types of artificial sweeteners?

saccharin, cyclamate, aspartame, sucralose

what is unique about saccharin?

its only sweet to humans

which two naturally occurring amino acids is aspartame a combination of?

aspartic, phenylaline

which cranial nerves does taste travel along? (3)

facial (anterior 2/3), glossopharyngeal (back), vagus

what is the pathway of taste?

CN 7 and 9- medulla oblongata- thalamus- gustatory complex (for interpretation)

what are the 2 flavors that go first with age?

salty, sweet

how many taste buds do elderly people lose?

60

why do elderly lose taste so easily?

decreased sense of smell

what percent of taste is really from smell?

75-80%

what type of neuron is found in the olfactory epithelium?

bipolar

what type of papillae provide a rough surface on the tongue, allowing it to manipulate food more easily?

filiform

Umami (savory) tastes result in
depolarization of cells by this mechanism:

amino acids bind to receptors on gustatory hairs