Lab Practical 1

Amphioxus

Lancelot

Ammocoete

Lamprey Larva

Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve chord, postanal tail, endostyle

Synapomorphies of Chordates

Myxiniformes

Hagfish

Petromyzontiformes

Lamprey

Strong

What is special about hagfish threads?

Produce threads and mucin cells that break open when attacked and absorb water, threads bind to mucin and expand

How do hagfish make slime?

Latch onto an animal and use teeth-covered tongue to create a hole then sucks out the bodily fluids

How do lamprey feed?

Adults have eyes and teeth, larva are filter feeders, adults are mostly parasitic, larva linve in freshwater rivers, adults migrate to ocean or large lake to feed then back to rivers to reproduce

What are the differences between larval and adult lamprey

Placoid scales, tooth whorl, cartilagenous skeleton, pelvic claspers, lipid-filled liver, high urea concentrations

Synapomorphies of Chondrichthyians

Pelvic claspers, only males have them

What is the easiest way to sex a chondrichthyian?

Polypteriformes

Ray-finned fish that have lungs (so can rise to surface for air), multiple fins across back, ganoid scales

Acipenseriformes

Sturgeons and paddlefish, cartilaginous, shark-like tails, sturgeons have heavy bony plates instead of scales, paddlefish are “naked” and have no scales, have electroreception

Lepisosteiformes

Gars, ganoid scales, sharp needle-like teeth, poisonous eggs

Amiiformes

Bowfins, bony plate on underside of throat, unchanged genome, non-collapsing gills, move tail like a ribbon to swim, false “eye” appearance on tail to confuse predators

Teleosts

When mouth is open, upper jaw protrudes, second set of jaws to grind food, suck in prey like a vaccum, perfectly symmetrical tail, scaffold bones, duplicates every gene

Skeletons made of “true bone”, lungs or swim bladder, operculum, bony dermal scales

Synapomorphies of bony fish

Elopomorpha

Eels

Osteoglossomorpha

Bonytongues

Otocephala

Herrings, carps, catfishes

Euteleostei

Salmon and Trout

Oyster Toadfish (A)

Adapted to have disruptive coloration, whiskers, and mucus-covered skin

Remora (A)

Adapted to have a sucking disc: Able to create a vaccum seal with their lips, lamellae are sharp and drive into host. Also have flat and hydrodynamic bodies

Lionfish (A)

Adapted to have venemous spikes and odd coloration, expandable stomachs, fan-like fins to trap prey

Flounder (A)

Adapted to go through metamorphosis and shift both eyes to one side of the head which allows them to lie flat on the seafloor and see upwards

Burbot (A)

Adapted to have a barbel on the chin, nocturnal vision, snake-like camoflauge pattern

Sculpin (A)

Adapted to have no swim bladder (no buoyancy since they stay on seafloor, flattened heads and bodies, camoflauge pattern, gill-cover spines (some have venom in them) and armor instead of scales

Ompok (A)

Adapted to have electroreception, elongated bodies, subcutaneous eyes, camoflauge pattern, sharp velvet-like teeth

Mexican Tetra (A)

Adapted to have lack of eyes, loss of pigment, more taste buds, stronger smell, and fat storage

Undulatory

Type of swimming that uses continuous, snake-like body waves to push water backwards, uses entire body or long fins, less efficient

Oscillatory

Type of swimming that uses tail and specific fins in a “back and forth” motion, more speed and control

Remora

Burbot

Lionfish

Ompok

Sculpin

Mexican Tetra

Flounder

Oyster Toadfish

Piked dogfish

Whiptail stingray

Dogfish

American Eel

Logperch

Brook silverside/atheriniformes

Central stone roller/cypriniformes

Pickerel

Rainbow trout

Gizzard shad

Carp/cypriniformes

Chub/cypriniformes

Lamprey

Least brook lamprey

Perch Skull

Vertebrate, complex endocrine organs, cranium, tripartite brain, muscularized gut, multichambered heart, mineralized tissues, neural crest, gills from endoderm, hox gene duplication

Synapomorphies of vertebrates

Placoid Scale

Ganoid Scale

Cycloid Scale

Ctenoid Scale