PSY 3109 Social Motivation

Motivation

Any internal processes that gives behavior its energy, direction and persistence

When behavior has strength, it is ______

Energy

When behavior has purpose, it is _____

Direction

When behavior has endurance, it is ______

Persistence

Need

Conditions that are essential for the maintenance of life and for the nurturance of growth and well-being

Hunger, thirst, sleep, autonomy, competence and relatedness are examples of ______

Needs

Cognition

Mental events capable of energizing and directing behavior

Beliefs, expectations, goals, plans, attributions, mindsets and self-concepts are examples of _____

Cognition

Emotions

Short-lived feeling-arousal-purposive-expressive phenomena that help us adapt to the opportunities and challenges we face during important life events

What are the four interrelated aspects of engagement?

Behavior, Emotion, Cognition, and Agency (BECA)

What are some ways you can know if someone is motivated?

psychophysiological responses, brain activation, and self-report

Motivation and emotion benefit ______ and _____

adaptation; functioning

_____ and ____ are dynamic

Motivation; emotion

Motivation needs ___________ to flourish

supportive conditions

Motivation and emotions are _____ variables

Intervening

Why should we study motivation?

It will allow us to gain knowledge that can be applied to supporting motivation, which ultimately leads to better outcomes for people

Physiological Needs

A biological condition that regulates bodily well-being and corrects imbalances that are potential threats to growth, well-being, and life. These often arise from deficiency (e.g. hunger, thirst, sex, sleep, temperature)

Drive Theory

Proposed by Clark Hull (1943). He argues that physiological deprivation and deficits create biological needs and if they remain unsatisfied, biological deprivation becomes strong enough to occupy attention and generate

What are the 7 regulatory processes?

Need, drive, homeostasis, negative feedback, multiple inputs/outputs, intraorganismic mechanisms, extraorganismic organisms

Homeostasis

The tendency to maintain a steady ideal state of equilibrium within the body

Optima hydration, blood glucose levels, body temperature are examples of _____

Homesostasis

What happens when Homeostasis is disrupted?

A drive activates behavior to compensate and return to the idea state.

Negative feedback

The mechanism that stops behavior once the steady state is reached (opponent process to drive)

Intraorganism mechanism

These are all biological regulatory systems within the person that act in concert to activate, maintain, and terminate the biological needs that underlie drive.

Low blood glucose levels trigger feelings of hunger (appetite), which trigger the eating behavior. This is an example of which mechanism?

Intraorganism

Extraorganismic mechanism

These are all the non-biological influences that play a part in activating, maintaining, and terminating drive.

The appearance/smell of a meal affects your appetite, which affects how much of it you eat. This is an example of which mechanism?

Extraorganismic

Glucostatic hypothesis

The theory that blood glucose levels regulate hunger and eating behavior in the short term

Which organ is responsible for monitoring the blood glucose levels?

Liver

A __________ glucose levels cause the lateral hypothalamus to activate therefor making you have an appetite

low

A ________ causes the ventromedial hypothalamus (negative feedback) to activate causing you to be full

High

Stomach distension

The feeling of your stomach stretching up.

Lipostatic hypothesis

The body fat levels that regulate hunger in the long-term

Set-point theory

The theory is that each person has a genetically determined “ideal” body weight. Basically, everybody inherits a specific number of fat cells, a certain metabolic rate, and a set-point for how full-fat cells should be, and as the size of fat cells is reduced below ideal, eating behavior increases until the set-point is reached. This set-point can be changed with age, history of caloric restriction/chronic excess food intake.

Self-regulatory influences

When we take effort into regulating our own food intake

What are some problems with self-regulatory influences?

The cognitive control does not have a natural negative feedback system; dieters are particularly vulnerable to binging because they tend to assume cognitive controls are stronger than physiological controls, also environmental events and feelings distract from cognitive control (e.g. not eating when stressed out)

Extrinsic motivation

Motivation that arises from environmental consequences (incentives
or disincentives) to do a behaviour

Extrinsic motivation is based on_____

Operant conditioning principles

Reinforcer

any object or event that increases the future likelihood of a
behaviour

Positive reinforcer

increases behaviour because a pleasant stimulus is presented

Negative reinforcer

increases behaviour because an unpleasant stimulus is removed

Punisher

any object or event that decreases the future likelihood of a
behaviour

Positive punisher

decreases behaviour because an unpleasant stimulus is presented

Negative punisher

decreases behaviour because a pleasant stimulus is removed

Intrinsic motivation:

motivation that arises from an inherent and
spontaneous inclination towards interest, exploration, and
environmental mastery

Extrinsic motivation is especially useful when____________

trying to increase socially important but intrinsically uninteresting behaviours

When necessary, ____________ should be unpredictable and
intangible to avoid undermining intrinsic motivation

external rewards

External regulation

behaviour is enacted to obtain a reward, to avoid a punishment, or to satisfy an external demand

“I recycle because I want the cash deposit back” is an example of _______

external regulation

Introjected regulation

Behaviour is enacted to satisfy an external
demand that has been partially internalized (to obtain a self-
administered reward or to avoid a self-administered punishment)

“I recycle because if I don’t, I will feel guilty about damaging the
environment.” is an example of _____

Introjected regulation

Identified regulation

behavior is enacted because it is personally important or useful

“I recycle because a cleaner environment lets me live a healthier life.” is an example of __________

Identified regulation

Integrated regulation

behavior is enacted because it coheres with values that have been incorporated into the self

“I recycle because it reflects a deeply held belief that the Earth must be
preserved for future generations.” is an example of ______

Integrated regulation

Internalization

The process through which an individual transforms a
formerly externally prescribed rule, behaviour, or value into an
internally endorsed one

Integration

transformation of internalized values, behaviors, and regulations
into a person’s sense of self

Explanatory rationales

providing new information that sparks valuing, identified regulation, and internalization

setting a goal, adding an extra source of stimulation are examples of ____________

Enhancing interest

Motivation study concerns itself with those processes that give behaviour
its:

Benefits and costs

Hunger is an example of ________

A need

You should start studying, but you turn Netflix on instead. Which of the
following behavioural expressions of motivation is this an example of?

Choice

_______ refers to how deeply and strategically a person engages with
information in order to process and understand it

Cognitive engagement

What do we mean when we say that motivation is dynamic?

Motivations are constantly changing

According to drive theory, a ________ is the psychological tension that
arises from a physiological _______

Drive; need

Which of the following acts in opposition to a drive?

Negative feedback

Which of the following would be considered an intraorganismic mechanism
that regulates hunger and eating behaviour?

Blood glucose levels

The lipostatic hypothesis posits that ____ levels regulate hunger in the
_____term

Body fat; long

According to set-point theory, a person's ideal body weight is genetically
predetermined, and therefore this set-point cannot change

False

Psychological need

A psychological nutrient that is critical to mental health, personal growth, and overall well-being

what are the basic criteria for defining a psychological need?

they need to be psychological, not physical, essential, inherent, distinct, and universal

Self-determination theory

States that intrinsic motivation is supported when people have their psychological needs met and these are the three psychological needs that need to be met: autonomy, competence and relatedness

Need satisfaction contributes to:

engagement, personal growth, intrinsic motivation, internalization, health and well-being

Autonomy

The psychological need to experience self-direction and personal endorsement in the initiation and regulation of one’s behavior

Reactance

An increased desire to enact a behavior, due to a restriction in behavioral freedom

Learned helplessness

When people come to expect that outcomes are independent of their behavior

Competence

The psychological need to be effective in one’s interactions with the environment

Flow

a subjective state where people feel completely absorbed and focused on a task

Cognitive evaluation theory

A theory dealing with the effect of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation. It assumes that intrinsically motivated behaviour is affected by a person's innate need to feel competent and self-determining in dealing with the environment.

In the cognitive evaluation theory, the effect of an external event on intrinsic motivation depends on two aspects of the event, what are those two events?

controlling aspects (e.g. feedback re: autonomy) and informational aspect (feedback re: competence)

Failure tolerance

Developing resilience and a growth mindset

what are the constructive values of errors/failures?

it helps us identify causes and remedies, improve coping strategies, and to recognize the need for advice and support

self-service attribution bias

The tendency to take credit for one’s successes, but deny personal responsibility for failures

Self-handicapping behavior

When failure is anticipated, people may create barriers to their own performance/success; creates external factors can then be blamed in the event of failure

Relatedness

The psychological need to establish social connections with others

What are some benefits of relatedness?

Engagement, personal growth, internationalization, intrinsic motivation, and health and well-being

Intraorganism mechanisms

all biological regulatory systems within
the person that act in concert to activate, and maintain, and terminate the biological needs that underlie drive

Extraorganismic mechanism

all the non-biological influences that
play a part in activating, maintaining, and terminating drive

Glucostatic hypothesis

The idea that blood glucose levels regulate hunger and eating behaviour in the short-term

Lipostatic hypothesis

The idea body fat levels regulate hunger in the long-term

Set-Point Theory

each person has a genetically determined “ideal” body weight

Autonomy

The psychological need to experience self-direction and personal endorsement in the initiation and regulation of one’s behaviour

The Paradox of Choice

Choices based on personal values, goals, and interests lead to positive post-choice functioning

Reactance

Increased desire to enact a behavior, due to a restriction in behavioral freedom

Self-serving attributional bias

The tendency to take credit for one’s successes but deny personal responsibility

Self-handicapping behavior

When failure is anticipated, people may create barriers to their own performance/success; creates external factors can then be blamed in the event of failure

Discrepancy reduction

When individuals receive environmental feedback. This type of feedback is reactive to environmental feedback that flags discrepancy between the present and ideal state. It also underlies planning

Discrepancy creation

When individuals look forward and imagines a prospective (future) ideal state with the growth-pursuing mindset and a proactive, creation of ideal state that does not yet exist. They have a positive/feed-forward system and enables the goal-setting process