History Grade 12 - Quick-Memory Revision Flashcards

Comprehensive vocabulary-style flashcards covering Grade 12 History modules including Apartheid, the Cold War, and Civil Rights.

Black Consciousness

A movement led by Steve Biko stating that Black people should reject inferiority and take pride in their identity.

SASO

The South African Students' Organisation, a key group in the Black Consciousness movement.

1976 Soweto Uprising

Student protests caused by the compulsory use of Afrikaans as a language of instruction, resulting in international outrage.

Tricameral Parliament

A political reform under PW Botha that created separate chambers for Coloured and Indian people but excluded Black Africans.

R.I.E.I.

A memory aid for why Apartheid was in crisis: Resistance, International pressure, Economic problems, and Increasing political instability.

State of Emergency

A period in the 1980s involving mass arrests, censorship, and military repression that failed to destroy resistance.

2 February 1990

The date FW de Klerk unbanned the ANC, PAC, and Communist Party.

CODESA

The negotiations held to determine South Africa's political future leading to a democracy.

D.I.N.N.

An acronym for why Apartheid ended: De Klerk's reforms, International pressure, Negotiations, and National resistance.

Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC)

Established in 1995 and chaired by Archbishop Desmond Tutu to help South Africa deal with human rights abuses from the past.

Amnesty

A provision where perpetrators could avoid prosecution if they fully disclosed their actions and proved they were politically motivated.

Truman Doctrine

A 1947 US policy to help countries resist communism, establishing the principle of containment.

Marshall Plan

A 1947 US economic aid package designed to rebuild Europe and reduce the appeal of communism.

Berlin Blockade

A 1948–49 event where the USSR blocked access to West Berlin, leading to the Berlin Airlift.

NATO

The Western military alliance formed in 1949.

Warsaw Pact

The Soviet military alliance formed in 1955.

Bay of Pigs

A failed 1961 attempt by US-supported Cuban exiles to overthrow Fidel Castro.

Cuban Missile Crisis Resolution

Khrushchev removed Soviet missiles from Cuba; the USA secretly removed missiles from Turkey and promised not to invade Cuba.

Domino Theory

The US fear that if Vietnam became communist, neighboring countries would follow.

Viet Cong

Communist guerrilla fighters who primarily operated in South Vietnam.

Tet Offensive

A 1968 series of communist attacks that served as a political and psychological victory against American war efforts.

Vietnamisation

Nixon's policy of withdrawing US troops while South Vietnamese forces took over more of the fighting.

MPLA

The Marxist group in Angola supported by the USSR and Cuba.

UNITA

The Angolan group led by Jonas Savimbi and supported by the USA and South Africa.

Patrice Lumumba

The nationalist leader of the Congo who wanted the country united but was killed in 1961.

Julius Nyerere

The leader of TANU who led Tanganyika to independence in 1961 and became the leader of Tanzania.

Ujamaa

Nyerere's policy of African socialism and communal development focused on equality and self-reliance.

Glasnost

Mikhail Gorbachev's policy of 'openness' introduced in 1985.

Perestroika

Mikhail Gorbachev's policy of 'restructuring' or economic reform.

Jim Crow

Laws in the southern USA that enforced racial segregation.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

A law that outlawed racial discrimination and segregation in many areas of US life.

Black Panther Party

Founded in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale, focusing on black self-defence and community control.