Device Management (2)

What is Drivers?

Computer components cannot communicate directly with the operating system (OS); there must be an intermediary between the components and the system—namely, drivers.

Drivers act as translators between:

OS → Printer

OS → Keyboard

OS → GPU

Without drivers, hardware does not work properly.

what is User Interface? and types of it? (2)

The OS provides a way for users to interact:

GUI:

Graphical User Interface

(Windows, macOS, Linux)

CLI:

Command Line Interface

(Linux terminal, Windows CMD)

Both are important for IT professionals.

System Architecture: 32bit and 64bit (fundamental difference?)

This is a fundamental difference you must understand:

32–bit:

An older architecture.

The major limitation is that it cannot utilize more than 4 GB of RAM, regardless of how much physical RAM you install.

64–bit:

The standard, modern architecture. It can use massive amounts of RAM (up to 128 GB and more). Technical Tip: Always install a 64–bit system, as it's faster, supports all available memory, and can run 32–bit applications, but the reverse is not possible.

What is the meaning of words: BIOS/UEFI?

BIOS (Basic Input/Output System)

UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface)

BIOS

BIOS (Basic Input/Output System):

The legacy system. A simple text interface. Its primary function is to load basic system files and verify the hardware before the OS begins.

UEFI

UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface): The modern system. It features a graphical interface, supports large drives over 2 TB, and most importantly: supports Secure Boot, which prevents unauthorized boot files from loading (a security enhancement). You must know how to enter the UEFI settings to change the Boot Order.

Essential Boot Steps: Power–On? (3)

You turn on the device:

1 - POST (Power–On Self–Test):

The BIOS/UEFI performs a self–test of the memory, CPU, and essential devices. If you hear beeping sounds and the machine doesn't start, you must refer to the Beep Codes to identify the failing component.

2 - Boot Order Check:

The UEFI checks where it should start the operation (from the hard drive, a USB flash drive, or the network).

3 - OS Load:

The operating system files load, and the display starts.

This process is essential when installing a new drive? (2)

Hard Drive Management (Disk Management)

Partitioning:

Dividing the hard drive into sections (C:, D:, etc.).

Formatting:

Choosing the appropriate File System. Key systems:-\87dv
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Main Systems in the Market? (3), Features and Common use?