NASM CPT 7th Edition - Chapter 1 Vocabulary

Vocabulary terms and definitions from NASM CPT 7th Edition Chapter 1, covering kinesiology, fitness health metrics, and healthcare specializations.

Kinesiology

Study of movement as it relates to anatomy and physiology

Obesity

A complex disease involving an excessive amount of body fat; classified by a body mass index of $30$ or greater

Musculoskeletal System

The combined, interworking system of all muscles and bones in the body

Deconditioned

A state of lost physical fitness, which may include muscle imbalances, decreased flexibility, and a lack of core and joint stability

Overweight

A body weight greater than what is considered within normal standards; a body mass index of $25.0$ to $29.9$

Muscle Imbalance

When muscles on each side of a joint have altered length-tension relationships

Joint Stability

The support provided by tissues surrounding a joint to maintain and provide control during movement

Types of Training

Flexibility and mobility; core strength and stability; cardiorespiratory (cardio); balance; plyometrics; speed, agility, and quickness; resistance

Health (WHO 1984)

A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

Homeostasis

The process by which the human body strives to maintain a relatively stable equilibrium

Disease

Any abnormal condition that negatively affects the structure or function of a part of the body. Two basic types: chronic/noncommunicable disease and acute disease

Noncommunicable Disease (NCD)

Also known as chronic diseases; tend to be of long duration and result from a combination of genetic, physiological, environmental, and behavioral factors

Acute Disease

A medical event or disease that occurs suddenly and can be treated and healed in a short period of time

Chronic Disease

Medical conditions that persist for a long duration or cannot be cured altogether

Risk Factor

Any attribute, characteristic, or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury

Cholesterol

A waxy, fatlike substance found in bodily cells

Metric BMI Formula

$$\text{BMI} = \text{weight (kg)} \times [\text{height (m)}]^2$$

Imperial BMI Formula

$$703 \times \text{weight (lb)} \times [\text{height (in.)}]^2$$

Physical Therapist

A practitioner educated in many areas of physical rehabilitation; works in hospitals, rehabilitation centers, nursing homes, schools, or fitness/sports conditioning facilities

Athletic Trainer

Often works alongside physicians, EMTs, and other healthcare providers to help diagnose and treat injuries; many work with sports teams as part of the sports medicine staff

Chiropractors

A licensed healthcare professional who primarily deals with conditions relating to spinal alignment, using manual manipulation of the vertebrae

Registered Dietitian Nutritionist

Food and nutrition experts who provide nutritional advice, therapy, and counseling, often specializing in nutritional therapy for chronic disease management

Licensed Massage Therapists (LMTs)

Professionals licensed to therapeutically manipulate the muscles and other soft tissues of the body through physical touch

Morbidity

The state of having a disease

Mortality

A state or risk of dying

Stroke

A sudden lack of blood supply to the brain, caused by either a blockage in an artery or a ruptured blood vessel

Heart Attack

Occurs when an artery supplying the heart with blood and oxygen becomes blocked; medically known as a myocardial infarction

Heart Failure

A condition in which the heart can't pump enough blood to meet the body's needs

Heart Valve Problem

Occurs when one or more heart valves do not function properly, causing shortness of breath and reduced oxygen supply to the body

Arrhythmia

A problem with the rate or rhythm of a person's heartbeat; heart beats too quickly, too slowly, or with an irregular pattern

Ischemic Heart Disease

A category of heart-related problems caused by the narrowing of coronary arteries, which supply blood and oxygen to the heart muscle

Atherosclerosis

The process by which plaque is formed in arteries, leading to reduced blood flow

Physical Activity

Bodily movement that results in energy expenditure and encompasses many modes and intensities; movement that is not structured exercise

Hypertension

Consistently elevated blood pressure

Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP)

The pressure in arteries and other blood vessels when the heart is contracting; the first (top) number recorded

Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP)

The pressure in arteries and other blood vessels when the heart is at rest or between beats; the second (bottom) number recorded

Normal Blood Pressure

Less than $120/80\,\text{mm Hg}$

Elevated Blood Pressure

$\text{systolic } 120–129$ and $\text{diastolic less than } 80\,\text{mm Hg}$

Stage 1 Hypertension

$\text{systolic } 130–139$ or $\text{diastolic } 80–89\,\text{mm Hg}$

Stage 2 Hypertension

$\text{systolic } ≥ 140$ or $\text{diastolic } ≥ 90\,\text{mm Hg}$

Hypertensive Crisis

$\text{systolic } > 180$ and/or $\text{diastolic } > 120\,\text{mm Hg}$

Dyslipidemia

Elevated total cholesterol

Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL)

“Bad cholesterol”; the form of cholesterol that makes up the plaque that clogs arteries; ideally less than $100\,mg/dL$

High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL)

“Good cholesterol”; the form of cholesterol that helps remove LDL cholesterol from the body; ideally around $60\,mg/dL$

Diabetes

Chronic metabolic disorder caused by insulin deficiency, which impairs carbohydrate usage and enhances usage of fat and protein

Glucose

The simplest form of carbohydrate used by the body for energy

Insulin Resistance

The inability of the cells to respond to insulin; occurs in Type 2 Diabetes

Cancer

A group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

A general term used to describe progressive lung diseases, including emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and refractory (nonreversible) asthma

Endorphins

A group of hormones secreted by the brain that provides functions such as reducing the perception of pain

Skeletal Muscle

The type of muscle tissue that connects to bones and generates the forces that create movement

Sprain

A stretching or tearing of ligaments

Plantar Fasciitis

An inflammation of the fibrous tissue (plantar fascia) along the bottom of the foot, which often results in intense heel pain

Patellar Tendonitis

An injury or inflammation of the tendon that connects the patella (kneecap) to the tibia (shin bone)

Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Tear

A stretch, partial tear, or complete tear of the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee

Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL) Tear

A stretch, partial tear, or complete tear of the medial collateral ligament of the knee

Shoulder Impingement Syndrome

Shoulder pain caused by rotator cuff tissues rubbing against the acromion bone of the shoulder