Nutrition Final Exam Study Guide Ch 3, 4, & 5

What is a complex vs simple CHO?

simple - monosaccharides and disaccharides
complex - polysaccharides

What are the 3 monosaccharides?

fructose, glucose, galactose

What are the 3 disaccharides?

sucrose = glucose + fructose
lactose = glucose + galactose
maltose = glucose + glucose

What are the 2 polysaccharides?

starch and glycogen

Where are the 3 monosaccharides found?

fructose - fruit sugar
glucose
galactose - part of lactose

Where are the 3 disaccharides found?

sucrose - table sugar
lactose - milk sugar
maltose - malt sugar

Where are the 2 polysaccharides found?

starch - storage form of glucose in plants
glycogen - storage from of glucose in animals

What is a condensation reaction?

links 2 monosaccharides together by removing H2O, building

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

breaks a disaccharide in two using H2O, e.g. disaccharides break into 2 monosaccharides

dietary fibers

viscous/soluble and insoluble fibers, found naturally in foods

functional fibers

extracted and isolated from food, and then added to processed food (or supplements

What are the two different dietary fibers and what are they found in?

viscous/soluble - fruit, oats, barley, legumes
insoluble - tough fibers like bran fiber, vegetables, wheat

What is the role of soluble fiber?

lowers blood cholesterol, controls blood glucose, also used to treat diarrhea (dissolve in water to form gel; oats) fruit, oats, barley, legumes

What is the role of insoluble fiber?

does not dissolve in water prevents constipation, hemorrhoids, colon cancer crunchy fibers which decrease time in small intestine ("push everything through"; bran fiber) tough fibers like bran fiber, vegetables, wheat

Where are carbohydrates digested?

mainly in small intestine

Where are carbohydrates absorbed?

small intestine (monosaccharides travel to the liver via the portal vein)

What type of diet is associated with Type I Diabetes?

- carbohydrate counting
- provide even amounts of carbohydrates throughout the day

What type of diet is associated with Type II Diabetes?

- weight control
- provide even amount of carbohydrate throughout the day
- carbohydrate counting
- decrease fat intake

What is the chemical structure of Saturated Fats?

- full of hydrogens
- no C=C double bond

What is the chemical structure of Monounsaturated Fats?

- 1 C=C double bond
- oleic acid

What is the chemical structure of Polyunsaturated Fats?

- missing hydrogens
- 2 or more C=C
- Linoleic acid Omega 6 (18 C with 2 C=C)
- Linolenic acid Omega 3 (18 C with 3 C=C)

What is the chemical structure of Triglycerides?

- glycerol backbone
- 3 fatty acids

Linoleic acid

18 carbon chain; 2 double bonds
common in vegetables oils, meats
essential to form omega-6 fatty acid, promotes inflamation, clot formation, blood vessels, constrictions-bad

Linolenic

18 carbon chain; 3 double bonds
found in soybeans, walnuts, canola, soybean oil essential to form omega-3 fatty acids, decreases blood pressure, prevents clots, irregular heartbeat, reduces inflammation

What is hydrogenation/saturation?

The process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen

How do Cis- Fatty Acids occur?

most naturally occur in unsaturated fatty acid food; bonds on same side, fish, corn oil, nuts, increases HDL

How do Trans- Fatty Acids occur?

hydrogens are on opposite sides of double bond

What is a function of phospholipids?

used as emulsifiers in the food industry

Where is cholesterol found in food?

only in animal sources

Where is cholesterol found in the body/blood?

produced by the liver

Where does fat digestion occur?

small intestine
(minimal digestion starts in mouth and stomach)

How are fats absorbed?

1. Glycerol and small lipids (short/medium chain fatty acids) are absorbed directly into the bloodstream

2. Large lipids (monoglycerides and long-chain fatty acids) combine with bile, forming micelles which are absorbed into the lymph

How do absorbed fats get from the intestines the to liver?

1. intestinal cells form chylomicrons
2. chylomicrons deliver dietary lipids to body's cells
3. cells remove lipids from chylomicron and it becomes chylomicron remnant
4. liver removes chylomicron remnants from bloods

(also liver cells receive small lipids directly from intestine)

HDLs?

- high density lipoproteins
- "good cholesterol"
- carries cholesterol back to liver for recycling and disposal
- optimal levels: > 60

LDLs?

- low density lipoproteins
- "bad cholesterol"
- high level of cholesterol
- optimal: < 100

What health problems are high levels of LDL associated with?

associated with high risk of heart attack, heart disease

What effect do saturated fats have on cholesterol?

raise LDL cholesterol; clogs arteries

What effect do trans fats have on cholesterol?

raise LDL and lower HDL

What effect do Omega 3 fatty acids have on cholesterol?

lower cholesterol and heart disease

monosaccharide

single ring, building block of carbs, can be converted into glucose(energy for cells)

disaccharides

2 monosaccharides, broken down into monosaccharides during digestion

Where are disaccharides found?

sucrose (Glucose + fructose)

lactose (glucose + galactose)

maltose (Glucose + glucose)

Complex carbs

slower digestion, more fiber, made of 3 or more sugar molecules(polysacharides), whole grains, legumes, vegetables

simple carbs

quick energy, spike blood sugar, sugar, candy , white bread, fruit juice

Fermentable fibers

fibers that can be digested by bacteria

in the GI tract., found in food prep and fruit

Glucagon

hormone involved in regulating low blood glucose, released when blood glucose is low, signals liver to break down glycogen to glucose

Insulin

released by pancreas when blood glucose is high, helps cells absorb glucose, and lowers blood sugar

Type I diabetes

pancreas unable to synthesize insulin
- injection of insulin needed

Type II diabetes

- cells are resistant to insulin
- obesity is a major facto

Lipids(tryglyceride) chemical structure

3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol

trans fat

2 hydrogen atoms on opposite side of double bond, increases heart disease, raises LDL, lowers HDL, baked food, fast food, fried food

saturated fat

solid at room temperature & stable, animal fats, palm, & coconut oil

polysaturated fat food sources

sunflower oil, omega 3 & 6, flax seed

monosaturated fat food sources

PACO, peanut, avocado, canola, olive oil, lower LDL, raise HDL,

Polyunsaturated fats

liquid at room temperature, lower HDL & LDL, walnuts, flaxseed, sunflower oil, fish, omega 3 & omega 6

hydrogenation advantages + disadvantages

enhances shelf life, however could lead to clogging of veins.(hydrogen bonds are added to make saturated)

Protein Chemical structure

nitrogen attached, CHON, amino group, acid group, hydrogen

amount of protein needed

.8/kg of BW

10-35% of diet

protein functions

builds/repairs muscle, enzymes, fluid balance, acid base balance(buffer preventing acidosis), antibodies, hormones, blood clotting, visual pigmentation, transport protiens

incomplete proteins

missing 1 or more amino acid, beans & rice

Complete proteins

has all 9 amino acids,meet, dairy, eggs, soy quinoa

how are proteins denatured

heat, acid, bases, agitation, alcohol, heavy metals

protein nitrogen balance

nitrogen consumed vs nitrogen excreted

Vegetarian diet

excludes meat, poultry, & fish, almost anything animal derived(not everything)

NH3 and urea

Protein need for H20

Vegetarianism & protein

complementary proteins needed to provide ALL amino acids

vegan diets

pure vegetarian, excludes everything animal based

lactovegetarian

adds milk only

lacto-ovo-vegetarian

adds milk along with eggs but not meat

macrobiotic diet

mainly plant based with smal amounts of fish,nuts, & seeds

plant based diets

based on plants, may & may not include animal products

positive nitrogen balance

growth & pregnancy

Negative nitrogen balance

sick, trauma, bed ridden

NH3 & protein

NH3 is produced during deaminiation of amino acids

Urea

produced by liver, principal nitrogen-excretion product of protein metabolism1.... It serves as the body's principal vehicle for excreting unused nitrogen

water

________ is needed for protein processes, it also flushed Urea out