Unit 1.1 - Matter & Properties

Chemistry

Science of everyday experiences; study of matter

Matter

Anything with mass + occupies space

3 Main Types Of Matter

• Solid

• Liquid

• Gas

Solid

• Definite shape + volume

• Maintains shape regardless of container

• Molecules lie close together in regular 3D array

Liquid

• Definite volume but NOT definite shape

• Takes shape of container

• Molecules are close together but they’re able to move

Gas

• DOES NOT has definite shape + volume

• Expands to fill volume of container

• Molecules are far away from each other + move at random

Pure Substance/PS

Only ONE molecule/atom makes the substance

2 Types Of PS

• Element

• Compound

Element

Building blocks to make compounds

Compound

Combination of elements

Mixture

Combination of >1 PS

Homogenous Mixture

Mixture in which ONE of the substances are only visible

Heterogenous Mixture

Combination of substances; BOTH substances are visible

One example of a heterogeneous mixture:

Peach pie

One example of a homogeneous mixture:

Saltwater

One example of an element:

Pb = Lead

One example of a compound:

Sugar = C6H12O6

6 Changes Of Matter

• Melt

• Freeze

• Boiling/Vaporization/Evaporation

• Condensation

• Sublimation

• Deposition

Melt

Solid → Liquid

Freeze

Liquid → Solid

Boiling/Vaporization/Evaporation

Liquid → Gas

Condensation

Gas → Liquid

Sublimation

Solid → Gas

Deposition

Gas → Solid

Exothermic Process

Heat is emitted/released

Endothermic Process

Heat is absorbed/gained

Physical Change

Same chemical; different state of matter

Can change ______ and still be physical change:

• State of matter (S/L/G)

• Size

• Shape

Examples Of Physical Change That’s Observed:

• Color

• Density

• Boiling/freezing point

• Magnetism

• Solubility

• Specific heat capacity

Chemical Change

Given chemical turns into a new chemical (reacts to change)

Measurements

• MUST use tools

  • EX. Ruler

• MUST be accurate (use SigFig Rules)

Significant Figure/SigFig Rules:

• Count as SigFigs:

  • All NON-ZERO digits

  • ZEROS in the MIDDLE + END of a # (AFTER decimal point)

• Does NOT count:

  • ZEROS in FRONT + END of a # (NOT AFTER decimal point)

How many SigFigs are in this number: 200.

3 SigFigs (ALWAYS LOOK FOR DECIMAL POINTS)

SigFig Rules For * And /

Use LOWEST/FEWEST amount of SigFigs (FSF)

Calculate the problem: 5.02 * 89.665 * 0.10 = ?

45.0118 ~ 45 (2 SigFigs)

SigFig Rules For + And -

Use SAME # OF DECIMAL PLACES from the # with the FEWEST DECIMAL PLACES

Calculate the problem: 10.11 - 3.6 = ?

6.51 ~ 6.5 (2 SigFigs)

Should you use rounding roots for BOTH *, /, +, and -?

Yes

2 Types Of #’s

• Exact

• Measured

Exact

• Counted

• # of objects/things that are being recorded

Measured

• Use tools to count/measure

• # and its unit (the unit is used to count/measure)

2 Types Of Units In Science

• English Units (barely used but USA uses it)

• SI/Standard International/Metric Units (everyone else uses)

English Unit Mass = ?

IB/Pounds

English Unit Volume = ?

Gal/Galon

English Unit Distance = ?

ft/Foot/yrd/Yard/in/Inch/Mile

English Unit Temperature = ?

F/Fahrenheit/C/Celsius

SI Mass = ?

Kg/Kilogram

SI Volume = ?

L/Liter

SI Distance = ?

m/Meter

SI Temperature = ?

K/Kelvin

Tera/T

10^12

Giga/G

10^9

Mega/M

10^6

Kilo/k

10^3

Hecto/h

10^2

Deci/d

10^-1

Centi/c

10^-2

Milli/m

10^-3

Micro/µ

10^-6

Nano/n

10^-9

Pico/p

10^-12

Femto/f

10^-15

Changing Prefixes:

• Multiply given measurement by the needed measurements SCIENTIFIC NOTATION

Change cm → m: 5.1 cm

0.51m OR 5.1 cm * 10^-2 m

Density = ?

D = m/v

• m = mass

  • In grams/g

• v = volume

  • In mL/milliliters

1 mL = ?

1 cm³

D > 1 = ?

Sinks in water

D < 1 = ?

Floats in water

D = 1 = ?

Suspends in water

To Calculate v Of Regular-Shaped Solid:

v = L * W * H

K Formula

K = C + 273.15

F Formula

F = 1.8 (C) + 32

K = ?

C = ?

F = ?

• Kelvin

• Celsius

• Fahrenheit

Freezing Point

Water freezes/becomes ice

Boiling Point

Water starts to boil

Zero K

• Lowest temperature

• Everything freezes; NO movement

• “Absolute Zero”