Phonetics: Final Review

phonetics

the study of speech sounds, their acoustic and perceptual characteristics, and how they are produced by the speech organs

phonology

the study of speech sounds in language

dialect

a variation in speech or language related to geographic area, social class, or ethnic group

grapheme

a letter used in the alphabet of specfic language

How many graphemes are in the word speak?

5

allograph

different letter patterns that represent the same sound

what is an example of an allograph?

/i/: mEAt, kEY, & rEEf

digraph

pair of letters that represent one sound; the letters may be the same or different

example of an digragh

SH-ape & PH-oto

morpheme

the smallest unit of language capable of carrying meaning

free morpheme

a morpheme that can stand alone yet still carry meaning

bound morpheme

a morpheme that must be linked to another morpheme in order to convey meaning

phoneme

a specfic speech sound (language focus)

phone

any sound

an example of phone in sequence of words?

bAT, pAT, & mAT

How many phonemes are in the word speak?

4

examples of phonemes?

/b/, /p/, /m/

complementary distribution

allophone production that is tied to a particular phonetic environment

example of complementary distribution

front v. back /k/: Key or Car

example of free variation

pop vs poP

free variation

alternative allophone production that is NOT tied to a particular phonetic environment

syllable

a basic unit of speech production and perception generally consisting of a segment of vowels, segments consonants or BOTH

onset

Before the vowel

example of onset

SPLit, Tried, Fast

rhyme

a syllable segment after onset

nucleus

usually the vowel

example of nucleus

trIEd

coda

the consonants that follow a vowel in any syllable

example of coda

spliT & fasT

open syllable

a syllable that ends with a vowel sound

example of open syllable

plEA & bEE

example of closed syllable

merGE and biTE

closed syllable

a syllable that ends with a consonant sound

broad transcription

when the rules of the language are known; variant phoneme (i.e., allophone) production is recorded. Using //

narrow transcription

allophonic transcription of an individual, using [ ]

impressionistic transcription

transcription of an unknown language

what are the stuctures of the respiratory system?

Lungs, trachea, rib cage, thorax, diaphragm, ab muscles

egressive

sounds produced with a flow of air that moves outward from the lungs

ingressive

sounds produced with an inward flow of air

what systems are responsible for sound production?

Supralaryngeal: articulation
Laryngeal: phonation
Respiratory: breathing

what are the stuctures of the laryngeal system?

larynx, vocal folds, trachea, epiglottis

function of laryngeal system?

- protect airway
- sound production
- maintain air pressure

what are the stuctures of the supralarngeal system?

- vocal tract
- nasal
- pharynx
- velopharyngeal port

function of supralaryngeal system

articulate words that come out of your mouth

Articulators

- bilabial: mouth
mandible: jaw ~ moves tongue with lower lip
- labiodental: tongue & lips
-dental: teeth
- alveolar ridge: in between front teeth and hard palate
- hard palate: roof of the mouth
- velum (soft palate): posterior to hard palate
- glottis: opening between the vocal folds

steps of speech production

1-air movement trachea to laynx
2-phonation by larynx
3-resonance (loudness)
4-articulation

Abduction

Vocal Folds are Open

Adduction

Vocal folds come together

syllable structure

each phoneme represented with a C (consonant) or a V (vowel)
"cup" --> CVC
"eight" --> VC
"stop" --> CCVC
"threes" --> CCVC

Intensity

the aplitude of energy associated with a particular sound
- loudness
- measured in Decibels

Frequency

The number of complete waves that pass a given point in a certain amount of time
- pitch (basically)
- measured in Hertz

phonological processes

patterns of sound errors that typically developing children use to simplify speech as they are learning to talk

3 general categories of phonological processes

- syllable structure processes
- substitution structure processes
- assimilatory processes

Assimilation

The process of a phoneme takes on the phonetic feature of it's neighboring phoneme

example of assimilation

"That guy"
/ðæt gaɪ/ ----> /ðækgaɪ/

Progressive Assimilation

occurs when a phoneme's feature changes as the result of a phoneme that goes BEFORE it
- left to right assimilation

example of progressive assimilation

"looked"
/lʊkd/ -----> /lʊkt/

Regressive Assimilation

occurs when a phoneme is modifed due to a phoneme following after it
- right to left assimilation

example of regressive assimilation

"tin can"
/tɪn kæn/ ----> /tɪŋ kæn/

Elision

The elimination or deletion of a phoneme during speech production

example of elision

"sounds"
/saʊns/-----> /d/ was deleted

Epenthesis

the addition of a phoneme to the production of a word
- can be the result of coarticulation, varison in production, or speech disorders

example of epenthesis

"hamster" -----> /hæmpstɚ/

Metathesis

switching of the order of two sounds
- can be the result of: slip of tongue, dialectal variation or speech disorder

example of metathesis

"ask"
/æsk/ ----> /æks/

intonation

a pattern/melody of pitch variations in connected speech

intonational phrase

the change in fundamental frequency (f0) that spans the length of a meaningful utterance
- can consist in an entire sentence, a phrase or a word

rising intonational phrases

usually indicate uncertainty on the speaker's part
- yes or no questions

falling intonational phrases

accompany complete statements and commands and are indicative of the finality of an utterance
- wh- question

what is a lengthened phoneme indicated by?

[ː]

what can pauses mean?

- speaker is taking a breath
- indicates hesitations
- alert listener to the speaker's intent

weak syllable deletion

involves the omission of an unstressed syllable either preceding or following a stressed syllable

Example of weak syllable deletion

telephone ---> /tɛfon/

example of final consonant deletion

bake ---> /beɪ/

example of reduplication

wawa for water

example of cluster reduction

play ----> peɪ

stopping

substitution of a stop for a fricative or affricate
ex. /s,ʃ,tʃ,θ/ to /t/

two factors that play important roles in determining the lang patterns you will use on a day to day basis?

age and gender

what are the 4 types of articulation errors?

substitutions, omissions, distortions, additions

prevocalic voicing

voicing of a normally unvoiced consonant

devoicing

involves the replacement of a voiceless phoneme for a normally voiced, syllable-final consonant preceding a pause or silence

Dialect is not a...

disorder

Dialect

defined as a variation of speech or lang based on geographic area, native lang background, and social or ethnic group membership

fronting

subbing velar and palatal consonants with an alevolar place of arctic.
- /k/ to /t/

SAE

Standard American English
- lang. you would use to write an acadamic paper

ISE

Informal Standard English
- lang you would use with your dialect group or friends

Southern American English

dialect of english spoken primarily in the southern states
- ex. fish ---> /fiʃ/ tensing of vowels

African American English

Dialect of some African American communities characterized by certain pronunciations, idioms, and grammatical constructions
- most noted dialect of english spoken
-ex. would ----> /wʊ/ deletion of alveolar stops

ESL

English as a Second Language
- 1st lang will influence pronunciation of the 2nd lang