Env. Sci. 7

What are three major factors that account for the rapid rise of the human population in the past 200 years?

The emergence of early and modern agriculture, advanced technologies for climate zone adaptation, and reduced death rates due to improved sanitation, healthcare, antibiotics, and vaccines.

What key trend does modern agriculture contribute to human populations?

More people can be fed, supporting larger populations.

How does technology impact human population distribution?

Technology has enabled humans to migrate to and live in almost all of the planet’s climate zones and habitats.

What demographic change is projected for urban populations by 2050?

Two thirds of the global population will likely live in cities.

What does a high infant mortality rate generally indicate about a society?

It reflects low quality of life, poor health care, and inadequate nutrition.

What is the total fertility rate (TFR)?

The average number of children born to women of childbearing age in a population, crucial for determining population size.

What significant fertility rate is associated with a stable population?

A total fertility rate of approximately 2.1 is considered the replacement level.

List three factors that affect birth and fertility rates in a country.

1. Cost of raising children, 2. Access to education and employment for women, 3. Availability of family planning.

What are three factors that affect death rates?

1. Nutrition improvements, 2. Medical advancements, 3. Enhanced sanitation.

What is the single most important factor that affects life expectancy?

Poverty.

What are four factors that influence migration rates?

1. Seeking economic improvement, 2. Fleeing persecution or conflict, 3. Environmental degradation, 4. Famine.

What do age structure diagrams show?

The distribution of males and females in specific age categories which indicates population growth or decline.

What is the demographic transition hypothesis?

It suggests that as countries industrialize, per capita income rises, poverty declines, and population growth slows.

List three advantages of urbanization.

1. Economic development and job creation, 2. Better healthcare and education, 3. Feasibility of recycling due to concentrated populations.

List five disadvantages of urbanization.

1. Unsustainable cities, 2. Concentrated pollution, 3. Noise pollution, 4. High waste outputs, 5. Water supply issues.

What is urban sprawl?

Rapid expansion of a city into its outskirts, leading to environmental degradation.

What are two advantages and three disadvantages of cars in the United States?

Advantages: 1. Comfort and convenience, 2. Economic significance. Disadvantages: 1. Accidents, 2. Air pollution, 3. Traffic congestion.

Name four ways cities can reduce car use.

1. Implement gasoline taxes, 2. Raise parking fees, 3. Develop car sharing systems, 4. Create bike-friendly infrastructure.

Describe how Portland, Oregon demonstrates sustainability in public transportation.

Portland has doubled its biofuel powered bus network and offers a free rail zone with limited automobile access.

What sustainable practices does Portland implement in water management?

Portland uses green roofs, bioswales, and a stormwater management program to enhance groundwater quality and prevent flooding.

What initiatives does Portland support for sustainable food sources?

Local and agricultural groups support permaculture and urban farms, promoting environmental justice and healthy food access.