APUSH Unit 7 pt3

Benito Mussolini

fascist dictator of Italy

Adolf Hitler

fascist founder of the German Nazi Party and chancellor of the Third Reich

Neutrality Act of 1935

prohibited the export of arms, ammunition, and implements of war to any nation at war

Neutrality Act of 1936

prohibited the trade of war materials and forbade loans or credits to hostile nations

Neutrality Act of 1937

prohibited the export of war materials to any nation involved in a foreign war

Quarantine Speech of FDR

Roosevelt advocated for an international "quarantine" of aggressive nations, calling for economic measures against countries like Japan and Germany

blitzkrieg (German war machine)

a German military strategy

“Cash and carry”

if a country at war wanted to purchase non militaristic goods from the U.S., it had to pick them up in its own ships and pay for them in cash

Arsenal of Democracy

the United States' role as a major supplier of war materials to Allied nations during WWII

Lend Lease Act

allowed the U.S. to provide military aid to Allied nations without immediate payment, helped the Allies without formally entering the war

Atlantic Charter

a plan by FDR and Churchill for a better world after WWII, promoting freedom, trade, and peace

Pearl Harbor

military strike by Japan on the U.S. Pacific Fleet at its naval base

War Production Board (WPB)

managed war supplies during WWII by controlling factories, converting industries for war, and rationing materials.

Office of Price Administration

controlling inflation and managing the distribution of scarce goods

Office of War Information

a U.S. government agency that spread propaganda to support the war effort. It controlled news, promoted patriotism, encouraged war production, and boosted morale through the media.

Manhattan Project

a top secret, U.S. led effort during WWI to develop the first atomic bomb

“Double V” for African Americans

represented the dual goals of achieving "victory against fascism abroad" and "victory against racism at home"

Korematsu vs. US 1944

supreme court case that upheld the internment of Japanese Americans during World War

Rosie the Riveter

a cultural icon representing women who took on traditionally male jobs

strategic bombing

a military strategy in total war aiming to win by destroying the enemy’s morale, economic ability to produce and transport war materials, or both, through systematic aerial attacks on vital targets

Island hopping

the U.S. military strategy in the Pacific during WWII, where forces captured key islands while skipping heavily defended ones. This allowed the U.S. to move closer to Japan for an eventual invasion.

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

first and only uses of nuclear weapons in warfare, leading to Japan’s surrender

Big Three

leaders of Great Britain (Churchill), the United States (Roosevelt), and the USSR (Stalin)

Yalta Conference

a meeting between the leaders of the “Big Three” to discuss the post

United Nations

an international organization founded in 1945 after World War II, aimed at promoting international peace, security, and cooperation among nations, and replacing the ineffective League of Nations

Iron Curtain

a term used by Churchill to describe the cold war divide between western Europe and Soviet Eastern Europe, symbol of division

Cold War

A long period of tension between the U.S. and the Soviet Union after WWII that was characterized by an arms race, proxy wars, and a lack of direct fighting

Satellite Nations/Soviet Bloc

Countries in Eastern Europe controlled by the Soviet Union.

Containment

U.S. policy to stop the spread of communism

George Kennan Argument

U.S. diplomat who argued that the Soviet Union would expand unless it was met with strong resistance; his idea of "containment" became U.S. policy.

Marshall Plan

U.S. aid program to help rebuild European economies after WWII and prevent the spread of communism.

Berlin Blockade

the Soviet Union blocked Allied access to West Berlin in an attempt to gain control over the entire city (1948).

Berlin Airlift

A U.S. led effort to supply West Berlin with food and goods by air during the Soviet blockade

NATO

A military alliance between the U.S., Canada, and Western European nations to counter Soviet power.

Warsaw Pact

A military alliance of the Soviet Union and its Eastern European satellite states, formed in response to NATO.

Arms Race

competition between the U.S. and the Soviet Union to develop and stockpile nuclear weapons and other military technology during the Cold War.

National Security Act 1947

Created the Department of Defense, the National Security Council (NSC), and the CIA to strengthen U.S. national security.

Korean War

conflict where North Korea (communist) invaded South Korea (non communist), the U.S. intervened to support the South under the UN.

38th parallel

The line of latitude that became the dividing line between North and South Korea

Eisenhower Doctrine

a U.S. policy to offer military and economic aid to Middle Eastern countries resisting communist influence.

Military Industrial Complex

Term used by President Eisenhower to warn against the growing power of defense contractors and the military in shaping government policy.

Dulles’s brinkmanship

Secretary of State John Dulles’s policy of pushing dangerous conflicts to the edge of war to force the other side to back down.

MAD (mutual assured destruction)

A military doctrine where both the U.S. and the Soviet Union understood that a nuclear attack by one would result in total destruction for both.

Sputnik

first artificial satellite launched by the Soviet Union in 1957, sparking the U.S.

NASA

created to oversee U.S. space exploration in response to Sputnik (satellite launched by the Soviet Union)

Fidel Castro

Communist revolutionary who became the leader of Cuba after overthrowing Batista

Bay of Pigs

A failed U.S. backed invasion of Cuba by Cuban exiles to overthrow Fidel Castro. Harmed Roosevelt’s reputation

Berlin Wall

a barrier built by the East German government to prevent East Germans from fleeing to the West

Cuban Missile Crisis

confrontation between the U.S. and the Soviet Union when the Soviets secretly placed nuclear missiles in Cuba

Nuclear Test Ban Treaty 1963

prohibited nuclear weapon testing in the atmosphere, outer space, and underwater, but allowed underground testing

Red Scare

a period of intense fear of communism and radicalism

The Smith Act (1940)

made it a crime to advocate violent overthrow of the government

McCarran Internal Security Act (1950)

required communist organizations to register with the government and allowed the arrest of suspected rebels during national emergencies

HUAC (House Un-American Activities Committee)

created to investigate alleged disloyalty and rebel activities

Rosenberg Case

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, who were convicted of espionage for passing atomic secrets to the Soviet Union were executed. First American civilians to be executed for such charges.

McCarthyism

the Second Red Scare characterized by Senator McCarthy's aggressive accusations of communist spies in the U.S. government, leading to fear

Employment Act of 1946

President Truman established that the federal government's responsibility is to promote full employment and price stability

GI Bill

Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944, provided WWII veterans with funds for college education, unemployment insurance, and housing = larger middle class

Baby Boom

the significant surge in birth rates in the United States following WWII

Levittown

the large, mass produced suburban housing developments built by William J. Levitt after WWII, “Age of Conformity”

Sun Belt

Southern and Southwestern states that experienced rapid population growth and economic development after WWII

22nd Amendment (1951)

limits the president to two elected terms in office

Taft-Hartley Act

a federal law that restricted the activities and power of labor unions

Fair Deal

a set of reform programs proposed by President Truman, intended as a continuation and expansion of the New Deal, focusing on social security, civil rights, and economic growth

Modern Republicanism

policies supported by President Eisenhower, characterized by a balance between New Deal programs, a focus on a balanced budget, and a moderate approach to government intervention in the economy

Interstate Highway Act (1956)

authorized the construction of a network of interstate highways

Domino Theory

if one nation falls to communism, neighboring nations will also succumb, expanding communism

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

authorized President Johnson to take "all necessary measures" to repel any armed attack against U.S. forces in Southeast Asia, launching America's full involvement in the Vietnam War

Viet Cong (VC fighters)

a communist led, guerilla force in South Vietnam during the Vietnam War