BIO 1 – Exam 1 Comprehensive Review

Fill-in-the-blank flashcards covering key definitions, comparisons, and processes from Units 1-6 for Bio 1 Exam 1 preparation.

Living things are operated by a genetic “program” based on the molecule __.

DNA

All organisms share a specific chemical composition consisting largely of organic molecules, abundant water, and use the energy carrier __.

ATP

All organisms are made of one or more __, each containing a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, and ribosomes.

cells

Living things convert energy and matter in complex enzyme-driven pathways; organisms that manufacture their own food are called __.

autotrophs

Organisms that must consume other organisms for food are called __.

heterotrophs

A series of hierarchical levels from sub-atomic particles up to the biosphere illustrates that living things are highly __.

organized

Reproduction involving only one parent that produces genetically identical offspring is called __ reproduction.

asexual

Reproduction involving two parents that produces genetically varied offspring is called __ reproduction.

sexual

Evolution is defined as changes in __ frequencies in populations over time.

gene

Maintaining relatively constant internal conditions is termed __.

homeostasis

An alteration in a DNA program is called a __.

mutation

The first step of the scientific method, based on the senses, is making __ observations.

empirical

A tentative, testable statement used to guide experimentation is a(n) __.

hypothesis

A well-supported set of statements that explains or predicts phenomena is a scientific __.

theory

In an experiment, the feature used to account for non-experimental variables is the __.

control

Anything that can change and influence an experimental outcome is called a __.

variable

Atoms of the same element that differ in neutron number are called __.

isotopes

The emission of subatomic particles from unstable nuclei is known as __.

radiation

The time required for half of a radioactive sample to decay is called its __.

half-life

The identity of an element is determined by the number of __ in its nucleus.

protons

The outermost electron shell of an atom is called its __ shell.

valence

Even sharing of electrons between atoms forms a __ covalent bond.

non-polar

Complete transfer of electrons between atoms forms an __ bond.

ionic

A weak attraction between a partially positive hydrogen and a partially negative atom on another molecule is a __ bond.

hydrogen

Molecules with the same atoms but different structural arrangements are called __.

isomers

A molecule that is both hydrophobic and hydrophilic is described as __.

amphipathic

Organic molecules are defined by possessing one or more -to- bonds.

carbon, carbon

Long-term energy storage, cushioning, and insulation in organisms are functions performed chiefly by __.

lipids

Immediate energy supply and structural support in plants are primary functions of __.

carbohydrates

Enzymes, hormones like insulin, and oxygen transporters like hemoglobin are all types of __.

proteins

DNA, RNA, and ATP are examples of __ acids.

nucleic

Fatty acids with no double bonds that are solid at room temperature are classified as __ fats.

saturated

Fatty acids with one or more double bonds that are liquid at room temperature are __ fats.

unsaturated

Naturally bent unsaturated fatty acids are in the configuration, whereas industrially straightened ones are in the configuration.

cis, trans

Cholesterol is essential for synthesizing steroid hormones, producing bile, and protecting artery walls, but excessive buildup can narrow vessels and cause __.

heart attacks or strokes

The monomer units of proteins are __ acids.

amino

Three fatty acids joined to glycerol form a __, the main storage fat.

triglyceride

Water dissolves ionic and polar substances because it is a __ molecule.

polar

The liquid component of a solution that does the dissolving is the __.

solvent

Particles dissolved in a solution are collectively called the __.

solute

Because hydrogen bonds hold molecules together, water requires extra energy to vaporize, a property known as high heat of __.

vaporization

Water’s ability to stick to itself through hydrogen bonding is called __.

cohesiveness

Water’s tendency to cling to other polar surfaces is termed __.

adhesiveness

The phenomenon that allows insects to walk on water is water’s high __ tension.

surface

Ice is less dense than liquid water, so it floats and insulates aquatic life during winter; this is critical for organismal __.

survival

In thermodynamics, energy converted from one form to another but never created or destroyed is stated in the __ Law.

First

The principle that every energy conversion increases disorder (entropy) is the __ Law of Thermodynamics.

Second

The molecule that temporarily stores and transfers energy for cellular work is __.

ATP

Organisms that capture carbon from CO₂ to build organic molecules are __.

autotrophs

Animals obtain both carbon and energy by consuming existing organic molecules and are therefore __.

heterotrophs

The basic overall equation for photosynthesis begins with CO₂ and H₂O and ends with glucose and __.

O₂ (oxygen)

The overall equation for cellular respiration converts glucose and oxygen into CO₂, H₂O, and usable __.

ATP

The primary structure of a protein is its linear sequence of __ acids.

amino

Protein secondary structure, such as alpha helices and beta sheets, is stabilized mainly by __ bonds.

hydrogen

The globular or fibrous shape of a single polypeptide is its __ structure.

tertiary

Interaction of two or more polypeptide chains produces the __ structure of a protein.

quaternary

Hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, and disulfide bridges all help stabilize a protein’s __ structure.

tertiary

Water does NOT dissolve non-polar substances such as __.

oil or fat

The attractive force an atom exerts on shared electrons in a bond is called __.

electronegativity

A changeable factor that can influence experimental outcome is a(n) __.

variable

A set of controlled experiences used to test a hypothesis defines an __.

experiment