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Jim Crow Laws
A system of racial segregation laws and customs in the United States, primarily in the South, from the late 19th century to the mid-20th century, enforcing discrimination against Black Americans.
Nadir
The period from the late 19th century to the early 20th century when racism, segregation, disenfranchisement, and violence against Black Americans were at their worst.
Rayford W. Logan
A historian and civil rights activist who coined the term 'Nadir of Race Relations' to describe extreme racial oppression following Reconstruction.
Red Summer (1919)
A period of intense racial violence and race riots across the U.S., particularly in cities like Chicago and Washington, D.C., where white mobs attacked Black communities.
Tulsa Race Massacre (1921)
A tragic event where a white mob destroyed the prosperous Black neighborhood of Greenwood in Tulsa, Oklahoma, killing hundreds and leaving thousands homeless.
Great Migration
The movement of millions of African Americans from the rural South to urban centers in the North and West between approximately 1916 and 1970.
James Weldon Johnson
A writer, civil rights activist, and leader of the NAACP, best known for writing 'Lift Every Voice and Sing,' known as the Black National Anthem.
Claude McKay
A Jamaican-American poet and writer associated with the Harlem Renaissance, known for his works addressing themes of racial pride and resistance.
Lynching
The extrajudicial killing, usually by hanging, of Black individuals by white mobs as a form of racial terror, often going unprosecuted.
Veil
A concept from W.E.B. Du Bois’ 'The Souls of Black Folk' referring to the metaphorical barrier separating Black Americans from white society.
The Souls of Black Folk
A 1903 book by W.E.B. Du Bois exploring race, identity, and the struggles of Black Americans post-Reconstruction.
Color Line
A term introduced by W.E.B. Du Bois describing the racial division between white and Black people regarding segregation and discrimination.
Double-Consciousness
A concept introduced by W.E.B. Du Bois describing the conflict Black Americans feel reconciling their African heritage with their American identity.
Booker T. Washington
A prominent African American leader promoting Black economic self-sufficiency and vocational education in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Racial Uplift
A philosophy promoting improvement of African Americans' status through education and hard work to combat racial discrimination.
