PSD 3

Realistic Conflict Theory

Intergroup prejudice and discrimination arises from conflicting goals and competition over limited resources

What are the environmental factors of realistic conflict theory?

1. zero sum situation, 2. objective resource scarcity, 3. perceived resource scarcity

what is zero sum situation

zero sum: if i win-\> you lose (ex: Jerusalem); nonzero sum: some area of overlap, can have a win-win situation

what is objective resource scarcity?

a resource being scarce, ex: famine or recession-\> leads to groups being blamed

what is perceived resource scarcity

ex: undocumented immigrants stealing jobs-\> PERCEPTION of a loss of resources

KEY: (right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, value dissimilarity hypothesis, social identity theory, realistic conflict theory, relative deprivation theory)--\> Perceived resource scarcity relates to...

realistic conflict theory

KEY: (right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, value dissimilarity hypothesis, social identity theory, realistic conflict theory, relative deprivation theory)--\> Self-categorization relates to...

social identity theory

KEY: (right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, value dissimilarity hypothesis, social identity theory, realistic conflict theory, relative deprivation theory)--\> Deviating from societal traditions relates to...

right-wing authoritarianism

KEY: (right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, value dissimilarity hypothesis, social identity theory, realistic conflict theory, relative deprivation theory)--\> Distributive and procedural injustice relates to...

relative deprivation theory

KEY: (right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, value dissimilarity hypothesis, social identity theory, realistic conflict theory, relative deprivation theory)--\> Outgroup is ideologically opposed to you...

value dissimilarity hypothesis

KEY: (right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, value dissimilarity hypothesis, social identity theory, realistic conflict theory, relative deprivation theory)--\> Preferences for hierarchy...

social dominance orientation

What makes sexism special?

Men and women are general differentiated in terms of biology; Men and women are clearly differentiated in social roles; Relationships between men and women are complicated by sexual reproduction; Women are not a numerical minority, but are socioeconomically disadvantaged

Simple accounts of ingroup favoritism and outgroup hatred (do/do not) apply when understanding female disadvantage

do not

Hostile sexism

Antagonistic negative attitudes toward women

Benevolent sexism

Subjectively positive attitudes and beliefs about women that justify traditional gender roles

Why is benevolent sexism bad?

Benevolent sexism's underpinnings lie in stereotyping women as inferior and men as superior

Women with stronger benevolent sexist beliefs...

Are less resistant to discrimination; Have lower educational and career goals for themselves; Take on more unpaid labor in their relationships

Why are benevolent prejudices hard to to change

Superficially positive, Difficult to see, Easy to be convinced that there is nothing to feel guilty about

Ambivalent sexism

the combination of hostile and benevolent sexism

What incentives does hostile sexism provide for people to remain in traditional gender roles?

Hostile sexism punishes women who challenge the status quo

What incentives does benevolent sexism provide for people to remain in traditional gender roles?

Benevolent sexism rewards women who embrace traditional gender roles

Prescriptive norms

how people should behave

Backlash

Penalties for acting counter-stereotypically

Warm women are seen as

less capable and competent

Competent women are seen as

less likable and more hostile

Precarious Manhood theory

manhood is seen as a precarious state requiring continual proof and validation

If manhood is tenuous, then:

Challenges to manhood will provoke anxiety and feelings of threat, Men will feel compelled to demonstrate their manhood when its challenged

Gender-identity threat (making men feel less manly) is related to men's

Decreased liking for gender non-conforming men and women, Projected assumptions of homosexuality onto a male target, Sexual harassment, Overestimates of height and sexual performance

Do 5-12yo who identify with a gender that is diff from their birth sex express preferences consistent with their gender, their birth sex, or something in the middle?

In all 3 categories, trans children express preferences consistent with the gender they identify with [NOT their gender assigned at birth]

\________ sensitivity predicts implicit bias against gay people

Disgust

Inducing disgust (increase/decreases) explicit prejudice against gay men

Increases

How does (Individual attitudes, beliefs and perceived norms) and (Law and policy) influence each other

Being told that a favorable ruling was likely-\> Increased perception of norms supporting same-sex marriage; Increased support for same-sex marriage

States that passed same-sex marriage legalization experienced...

greater decreases in bias following legalization, Implicit bias was decreasing before legalization, but it drops even faster after legalization; Explicit bias shows the same trend to a smaller degree

What makes ageism special?

Age is differentiated by biology and experience; Social roles are strongly differentiated by age; Age is complicated by familial relations; Age is malleable (Young people will be old, and old people were once young); Age is continuous but can be perceived categorically; Older people tend to have more power (to a point)

Benevolent Ageism

Positive attitudes and beliefs about people on the basis of age that justify paternalistic care

Beliefs that older people are:

Sociable and warm; Physically weak; Mentally impaired; Lonely

beliefs that younger people are

Are outgoing and fun; Succumb to peer pressure; Lack mental faculties and knowledge; Are emotionally undeveloped

Intergenerational tension

Young people are concerned that older people: Hoard wealth; Deplete shared resources (eg environment, healthcare); Adopt symbolic youth-centric resources (eg music, Facebook)

why might asians be less ageist

Higher collectivism and lower individual; Filial piety

why might asians be similarly ageist

due to common experience of industrialization and rise of individualism

why might asians be more ageist

due to dramatic rises of older people within Asian countries

Asians are actually (more/less) ageist

more

Recent rises in population aging leads to (higher/lower) ageism

higher

More collectivist countries leads to (higher/lower) ageism

higher

why does collectivism lead to higher ageism

Collectivism may cause resentment for the elderly taking up resources without helping society

Visibility

can you see it?

Controllability

was it your fault?

Disruptiveness

does it disrupt normal social living?

Aesthetic qualities

does it make you ugly or repellant?

Peril

are you dangerous because of it?

biases towards disabled people are (high/low) explicit and (high/low) implicit

low, high

Halo Effect

People are thought to have more positive qualities if they're attractive

Self-fulfilling prophecy

The beautiful receive more social attention, which helps them develop good social skills

What is special about weight stigma?

Overweight people are assumed to be personally responsible for their weight, Weight discrimination is common

Who is more vulnerable to weight stigma: men or women?

Women are more vulnerable to weight bias at lower weight level

Stigma

possessing (or being believed to possess) a characteristic that conveys a devalued social identity

what are the 5 dimensions of stigma

visibility, controllability, disruptiveness, aesthetic qualities, peril

Familiarity (increases/decreases) the impact of aesthetic qualities

decreases

Stigma by association

associating with a stigmatized person can lead to stigmatization

Attributional ambiguity

the difficulty that stereotyped groups have in interpreting feedback, Unsure if feedback is due to discrimination

attractive participants were (more/less) likely to believe positive interpersonal feedback than unattractive participants

less

when is perceiving discrimination most likely to happen?

It's blatant, It's an outgroup member, In a context linked to negative stereotypes, Identifying more with your ingroup, Having stigma consciousness

Personal/Group Discrimination Discrepancy (PGDD)

The tendency for stigmatized group members to report higher levels of discrimination against their group in general than against themselves personally as members of their group

Everyone thinks they're being discriminated against (more/less) than the average person

less

what are the cognitive mechanisms behind PGDD (Personal/Group Discrimination Discrepancy)

Identification, Accessibility, Social comparison

How does identification play into PGDD

Easier to identify general patterns across many people than to identify discrimination within any specific case

How does accessibility play into PGDD (Personal/Group Discrimination Discrepancy)

Group-level examples of discrimination are more accessible in mind than individual-level examples of discrimination

How does social comparison play into PGDD (Personal/Group Discrimination Discrepancy)

Our group: "Is our group discriminated against compared to other groups?"; Ourselves: "Am I discriminated against compared to fellow members of my ingroup?"

what are the motivational mechanisms behind PGDD (Personal/Group Discrimination Discrepancy)

Denial, Distancing, Affiliation

How does denial affect PGDD (Personal/Group Discrimination Discrepancy)

We're motivated to deny or minimize our own experiences with discrimination

How does distancing affect PGDD (Personal/Group Discrimination Discrepancy)

Motivated to distance ourselves from negative attributes associated with our ingroup; People who claim discrimination are disliked

How does affiliation affect PGDD (Personal/Group Discrimination Discrepancy)

Claiming discrimination may harm relationships with others

when do people have intergroup anxiety

In anticipation of intergroup interaction; During intergroup interaction

Intergroup anxiety

Physiological arousal and uneasiness about a negative intergroup interaction

Due to intergroup anxiety, Black and white people generally choose to (avoid/pursue) interracial interaction

avoid

aversive prejudice

Non-stigmatized groups are especially likely to avoid interacting with stigmatized groups

In interracial interactions, white people want... in respect to black/hispanic

to be liked and seen as moral more than black/hispanic or latino Americans

In interracial interactions, black/hispanic want... in respect to white americans

to be respected and seen as competent more than White Americans

What are the responses to discrimination?

Concealing, Compensation, Confrontation

Concealing

Hiding or obscuring your stigma

What is the benefit of concealment

you're not judged negatively according to your stigma

What are the cognitive costs of concealment

Preoccupation, Increased vigilance

what are the emotional costs of concealment

Anxiety (about being caught), Shame (internalizing your stigma), Ambivalence about identity

What are the behavioral implications of concealment

Avoiding social interactions, Counter-stereotypical behavior, Modifying mannerisms, Lying or keeping quiet about certain topics

what informs the decision to conceal or disclose

Threat of discovery, Self-verification motives, Context (work, family, friends), Degree of disclosure

Self-verification motives

motivations to want others to see us as we see ourselves

Compensation

behaviors that reduce interpersonal discrimination towards self (when stigma is visible or disclosed)

What are the strategies of compensation

acknowledgement, increased positivity, individuating information

acknowledgment

openly addressing one's stigma

How does acknowledgement affect others

Eases interaction because they address underlying tension; Gives others a social script to work with

Increased positivity

Activity in a way to engender more positive attitudes (acting likable, friendly, or approachable)

Individuating information

divulging information that allows others to see one as an individual rather than just a holder of a stigmatized identity (traits unrelated to stereotypes)

Why don't people directly confront

Social norm (don't engage with prejudiced person; if you respond, be polite); Concern about retaliation; Not feeling it's your personal responsibility

Steps towards confronting discrimination

1. Event interpreted as discrimination (Did discrimination happen?)

2. Discriminatory incident is an "emergency" (Is the incident serious enough? Was the perpetrator blameworthy?)

3. Observer takes responsibility (Diffusion of responsibility)

4. Knowing how to help (How to confront without escalating the problem What makes for effective confrontation?)

5. Taking action (What are the pros and cons of confronting? Should I confront directly or indirectly?)

What makes for effective confrontation

The confronted person: Doesn't become hostile, Feels guilty, Engages in self-reflection, Becomes motivated to change behavior).

Non-stigmatized people are taken more seriously (white confronter on anti-black racism, male confronter on anti-female sexism)

Focus on behavior or others' reactions over a person's character (that word made me uncomfy VS you're racist)

The target of discrimination: feels supported, is more likely to get support in the future, sticks around

Black americans have (lower/higher) self-esteem than white americans

higher

Why do black americans have higher self esteem than white americans

Comparing against ingroup members may make disparities seem less bad; Attributing negative feedback to discrimination; Selective identification with stereotyped domains

Factors of selective identification with stereotyped domains

Contingencies of self-worth, Disidentification, Ambient belonging

Effect of comparing against ingroup members may make disparities seem less bad

Reduces upward social comparison to non-stigmatized outgroups, which is bad for self-esteem

Attributing negative feedback to discrimination

If negative evaluation or treatment is because of my group membership, then it's not because of my self