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Realistic Conflict Theory
Intergroup prejudice and discrimination arises from conflicting goals and competition over limited resources
What are the environmental factors of realistic conflict theory?
zero sum situation, 2. objective resource scarcity, 3. perceived resource scarcity
what is zero sum situation
zero sum: if i win-> you lose (ex: Jerusalem); nonzero sum: some area of overlap, can have a win-win situation
what is objective resource scarcity?
a resource being scarce, ex: famine or recession-> leads to groups being blamed
what is perceived resource scarcity
ex: undocumented immigrants stealing jobs-> PERCEPTION of a loss of resources
KEY: (right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, value dissimilarity hypothesis, social identity theory, realistic conflict theory, relative deprivation theory)--> Perceived resource scarcity relates to...
realistic conflict theory
KEY: (right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, value dissimilarity hypothesis, social identity theory, realistic conflict theory, relative deprivation theory)--> Self-categorization relates to...
social identity theory
KEY: (right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, value dissimilarity hypothesis, social identity theory, realistic conflict theory, relative deprivation theory)--> Deviating from societal traditions relates to...
right-wing authoritarianism
KEY: (right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, value dissimilarity hypothesis, social identity theory, realistic conflict theory, relative deprivation theory)--> Distributive and procedural injustice relates to...
relative deprivation theory
KEY: (right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, value dissimilarity hypothesis, social identity theory, realistic conflict theory, relative deprivation theory)--> Outgroup is ideologically opposed to you...
value dissimilarity hypothesis
KEY: (right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, value dissimilarity hypothesis, social identity theory, realistic conflict theory, relative deprivation theory)--> Preferences for hierarchy...
social dominance orientation
What makes sexism special?
Men and women are general differentiated in terms of biology; Men and women are clearly differentiated in social roles; Relationships between men and women are complicated by sexual reproduction; Women are not a numerical minority, but are socioeconomically disadvantaged
Simple accounts of ingroup favoritism and outgroup hatred (do/do not) apply when understanding female disadvantage
do not
Hostile sexism
Antagonistic negative attitudes toward women
Benevolent sexism
Subjectively positive attitudes and beliefs about women that justify traditional gender roles
Why is benevolent sexism bad?
Benevolent sexism's underpinnings lie in stereotyping women as inferior and men as superior
Women with stronger benevolent sexist beliefs...
Are less resistant to discrimination; Have lower educational and career goals for themselves; Take on more unpaid labor in their relationships
Why are benevolent prejudices hard to to change
Superficially positive, Difficult to see, Easy to be convinced that there is nothing to feel guilty about
Ambivalent sexism
the combination of hostile and benevolent sexism
What incentives does hostile sexism provide for people to remain in traditional gender roles?
Hostile sexism punishes women who challenge the status quo
What incentives does benevolent sexism provide for people to remain in traditional gender roles?
Benevolent sexism rewards women who embrace traditional gender roles
Prescriptive norms
how people should behave
Backlash
Penalties for acting counter-stereotypically
Warm women are seen as
less capable and competent
Competent women are seen as
less likable and more hostile
Precarious Manhood theory
manhood is seen as a precarious state requiring continual proof and validation
If manhood is tenuous, then:
Challenges to manhood will provoke anxiety and feelings of threat, Men will feel compelled to demonstrate their manhood when its challenged
Gender-identity threat (making men feel less manly) is related to men's
Decreased liking for gender non-conforming men and women, Projected assumptions of homosexuality onto a male target, Sexual harassment, Overestimates of height and sexual performance
Do 5-12yo who identify with a gender that is diff from their birth sex express preferences consistent with their gender, their birth sex, or something in the middle?
In all 3 categories, trans children express preferences consistent with the gender they identify with [NOT their gender assigned at birth]
________ sensitivity predicts implicit bias against gay people
Disgust
Inducing disgust (increase/decreases) explicit prejudice against gay men
Increases
How does (Individual attitudes, beliefs and perceived norms) and (Law and policy) influence each other
Being told that a favorable ruling was likely-> Increased perception of norms supporting same-sex marriage; Increased support for same-sex marriage
States that passed same-sex marriage legalization experienced...
greater decreases in bias following legalization, Implicit bias was decreasing before legalization, but it drops even faster after legalization; Explicit bias shows the same trend to a smaller degree
What makes ageism special?
Age is differentiated by biology and experience; Social roles are strongly differentiated by age; Age is complicated by familial relations; Age is malleable (Young people will be old, and old people were once young); Age is continuous but can be perceived categorically; Older people tend to have more power (to a point)
Benevolent Ageism
Positive attitudes and beliefs about people on the basis of age that justify paternalistic care
Beliefs that older people are:
Sociable and warm; Physically weak; Mentally impaired; Lonely
beliefs that younger people are
Are outgoing and fun; Succumb to peer pressure; Lack mental faculties and knowledge; Are emotionally undeveloped
Intergenerational tension
Young people are concerned that older people: Hoard wealth; Deplete shared resources (eg environment, healthcare); Adopt symbolic youth-centric resources (eg music, Facebook)
why might asians be less ageist
Higher collectivism and lower individual; Filial piety
why might asians be similarly ageist
due to common experience of industrialization and rise of individualism
why might asians be more ageist
due to dramatic rises of older people within Asian countries
Asians are actually (more/less) ageist
more
Recent rises in population aging leads to (higher/lower) ageism
higher
More collectivist countries leads to (higher/lower) ageism
higher
why does collectivism lead to higher ageism
Collectivism may cause resentment for the elderly taking up resources without helping society
Visibility
can you see it?
Controllability
was it your fault?
Disruptiveness
does it disrupt normal social living?
Aesthetic qualities
does it make you ugly or repellant?
Peril
are you dangerous because of it?
biases towards disabled people are (high/low) explicit and (high/low) implicit
low, high
Halo Effect
People are thought to have more positive qualities if they're attractive
Self-fulfilling prophecy
The beautiful receive more social attention, which helps them develop good social skills
What is special about weight stigma?
Overweight people are assumed to be personally responsible for their weight, Weight discrimination is common
Who is more vulnerable to weight stigma: men or women?
Women are more vulnerable to weight bias at lower weight level
Stigma
possessing (or being believed to possess) a characteristic that conveys a devalued social identity
what are the 5 dimensions of stigma
visibility, controllability, disruptiveness, aesthetic qualities, peril
Familiarity (increases/decreases) the impact of aesthetic qualities
decreases
Stigma by association
associating with a stigmatized person can lead to stigmatization
Attributional ambiguity
the difficulty that stereotyped groups have in interpreting feedback, Unsure if feedback is due to discrimination
attractive participants were (more/less) likely to believe positive interpersonal feedback than unattractive participants
less
when is perceiving discrimination most likely to happen?
It's blatant, It's an outgroup member, In a context linked to negative stereotypes, Identifying more with your ingroup, Having stigma consciousness
Personal/Group Discrimination Discrepancy (PGDD)
The tendency for stigmatized group members to report higher levels of discrimination against their group in general than against themselves personally as members of their group
Everyone thinks they're being discriminated against (more/less) than the average person
less
what are the cognitive mechanisms behind PGDD (Personal/Group Discrimination Discrepancy)
Identification, Accessibility, Social comparison
How does identification play into PGDD
Easier to identify general patterns across many people than to identify discrimination within any specific case
How does accessibility play into PGDD (Personal/Group Discrimination Discrepancy)
Group-level examples of discrimination are more accessible in mind than individual-level examples of discrimination
How does social comparison play into PGDD (Personal/Group Discrimination Discrepancy)
Our group: "Is our group discriminated against compared to other groups?"; Ourselves: "Am I discriminated against compared to fellow members of my ingroup?"
what are the motivational mechanisms behind PGDD (Personal/Group Discrimination Discrepancy)
Denial, Distancing, Affiliation
How does denial affect PGDD (Personal/Group Discrimination Discrepancy)
We're motivated to deny or minimize our own experiences with discrimination
How does distancing affect PGDD (Personal/Group Discrimination Discrepancy)
Motivated to distance ourselves from negative attributes associated with our ingroup; People who claim discrimination are disliked
How does affiliation affect PGDD (Personal/Group Discrimination Discrepancy)
Claiming discrimination may harm relationships with others
when do people have intergroup anxiety
In anticipation of intergroup interaction; During intergroup interaction
Intergroup anxiety
Physiological arousal and uneasiness about a negative intergroup interaction
Due to intergroup anxiety, Black and white people generally choose to (avoid/pursue) interracial interaction
avoid
aversive prejudice
Non-stigmatized groups are especially likely to avoid interacting with stigmatized groups
In interracial interactions, white people want... in respect to black/hispanic
to be liked and seen as moral more than black/hispanic or latino Americans
In interracial interactions, black/hispanic want... in respect to white americans
to be respected and seen as competent more than White Americans
What are the responses to discrimination?
Concealing, Compensation, Confrontation
Concealing
Hiding or obscuring your stigma
What is the benefit of concealment
you're not judged negatively according to your stigma
What are the cognitive costs of concealment
Preoccupation, Increased vigilance
what are the emotional costs of concealment
Anxiety (about being caught), Shame (internalizing your stigma), Ambivalence about identity
What are the behavioral implications of concealment
Avoiding social interactions, Counter-stereotypical behavior, Modifying mannerisms, Lying or keeping quiet about certain topics
what informs the decision to conceal or disclose
Threat of discovery, Self-verification motives, Context (work, family, friends), Degree of disclosure
Self-verification motives
motivations to want others to see us as we see ourselves
Compensation
behaviors that reduce interpersonal discrimination towards self (when stigma is visible or disclosed)
What are the strategies of compensation
acknowledgement, increased positivity, individuating information
acknowledgment
openly addressing one's stigma
How does acknowledgement affect others
Eases interaction because they address underlying tension; Gives others a social script to work with
Increased positivity
Activity in a way to engender more positive attitudes (acting likable, friendly, or approachable)
Individuating information
divulging information that allows others to see one as an individual rather than just a holder of a stigmatized identity (traits unrelated to stereotypes)
Why don't people directly confront
Social norm (don't engage with prejudiced person; if you respond, be polite); Concern about retaliation; Not feeling it's your personal responsibility
Steps towards confronting discrimination
Event interpreted as discrimination (Did discrimination happen?)
Discriminatory incident is an "emergency" (Is the incident serious enough? Was the perpetrator blameworthy?)
Observer takes responsibility (Diffusion of responsibility)
Knowing how to help (How to confront without escalating the problem What makes for effective confrontation?)
Taking action (What are the pros and cons of confronting? Should I confront directly or indirectly?)
What makes for effective confrontation
The confronted person: Doesn't become hostile, Feels guilty, Engages in self-reflection, Becomes motivated to change behavior).
Non-stigmatized people are taken more seriously (white confronter on anti-black racism, male confronter on anti-female sexism)
Focus on behavior or others' reactions over a person's character (that word made me uncomfy VS you're racist)
The target of discrimination: feels supported, is more likely to get support in the future, sticks around
Black americans have (lower/higher) self-esteem than white americans
higher
Why do black americans have higher self esteem than white americans
Comparing against ingroup members may make disparities seem less bad; Attributing negative feedback to discrimination; Selective identification with stereotyped domains
Factors of selective identification with stereotyped domains
Contingencies of self-worth, Disidentification, Ambient belonging
Effect of comparing against ingroup members may make disparities seem less bad
Reduces upward social comparison to non-stigmatized outgroups, which is bad for self-esteem
Attributing negative feedback to discrimination
If negative evaluation or treatment is because of my group membership, then it's not because of my self