ID 2202 Test 1 - The Industrial Revolution

The Great Exhibition

-1851 in Great Britain;

-sponsored by monarchy;

-6-month run and 6-million+ attended, 15,000 exhibitors; Second Industrial Revolution

*to show the works of industry to all the nations*

First Industrial Revolution

-1760-1840;

-began in Britain and within few decades spread to Europe and USA;

-transition from agrarian, handicraft production in cottages to one dominated by machine manufacturing;

-increasing use of *steam power* and *development of machine tools*;

-change from wood/bio-fuels to *coal*;

Second Industrial Revolution

-1840-1870;

-evolution of *steam engine into steam-powered systems: boats, ships, railways*

-*large scale manufacture of machine tools* and *factories*

-”The Great Exhibition”

Crystal Palace, 1851, industrial

Joseph Paxton

Crystal Palace, 1851

-Industrial Revolution

-Joseph Paxton

-Greenhouse-inspired design; symmetrical balance;

• introduce as much glass as possible.

-*cast-iron and glass

• iron girder superstructure and glass skin

• large efficient greenhouse

• skeleton of cast-iron columns supporting the girders

-floors were wooden for structure

-in his sketch, the palace is symmetrically balanced.

-modular system

• very specific configuration

-with prefabricated parts*

• modules were already constructed and were assembled on site.

-built around a live tree

-can see all the natural aspects outside because of the windows, connecting the inside to nature

1,851 feet long (same year)

height 108 feet interior

24 ft modules

4,500 tons of iron

-guttering

• hollow pillars used as drain pipes and guttering (functional)

• condensation on roofline that would be drained

-glazing

-based the size of the modules based on the size of the glass

-took 8 months adn only 5 million dollars to make

helped economy and visited by non-Brits like Charles Darwin, Charlotte Bronte, Charles Dickens, Lewis Carrol, George Eliot

-eventually destroyed by fire in November 1936

• Fire in an office that spread throughout the wooden floor

• over 100,000 people watched

• Iron girders ended up warping because of the high heat

• “End of an age“

Glazing

-affixing glass

-used special trolleys to assist with putting up the glass

George Jennings

penny toilets, 1851, industrial

Retiring Rooms and Penny toilets, Crystal Palace, 1851

-Industrial Revolution

-George Jennings

-"Retiring Rooms": where people went to have tea

• public restrooms, enclosure around 4 sides

-toilets next to these rooms

-If you were a male, you could pay a penny an duse the toilet

-827,280 paid a penny, industrial design

Glass fountain at Great Exhibition 1851

-Industrial Revolution

-Follett Osler

-”World’s first glass fountain”

-making use of the properties and qualities of glass

-appropriate for crystal palace made of all glass

Machine Hall, Great Exhibition 1851

-Industrial Revolution

-upper roofline for ventilation of machines;

-display machines in action

-

"Illustrated London News"

Newspaper printed inside Crystal Palace's Machine Hall;

5,000 copies an hour churned for public

Hibbert, Platt, Sons

Great Exhibition 1851, Machine Hall;

Cotton machines for demonstrating cotton spinning process of being opened, carded, doubled, spun, warped, and woven

Department of United States

Section of Crystal Palace for American exhibits during Great Exhibition 1851;

plastered larger model of American eagle;

draped banner of "Old Glory"

model of suspension truss bridge of Nathaniel Rider;

pipe organ

Cyrus McCormick

1831, Virginia; reaper with revolving reel for bundling;

July 24, 1851 beat English farm in contest;

Won First Prize Gold Medal!! in British Great Exhibition and reported in Illustrated London News--got more interested in tools from industrial rev, Dept of USA

Samuel Colt

Colt Navy and Dragoon Revolver;

200 guns "commemorative edition" to give away and get people interested;

parts interchangeable--efficiency of industrial rev manufacturing, Dept of USA

Department of Great Britian

displayed British works with Victorian furniture

Victorian Design

Queen Victoria

"domestic life important"

"Beauty is paramount"

"*ornament* necessary"

focus on Beauty, domesticity, ornament

individual handcrafted and craftsman employed--not very functional, mainly display

-usually carved wood

-STAINED dark colors to hide wooden inconsistencies

-"curves within curves" symmetrically placed and repeated

Victorian Pattern Book

show pics used as guides or patterns

wood carvers, jewelers, painters, etc would often repeat same patterns but different materials--consistencies across different products

Cooke and Wheatstone

telegraph, 1850s, Victorian

Dept. of British

"*curves within curves*"

individually handcrafted,

focus on Beauty

Daguerre Camera

camera 1851, Dept of British, Industrial Rev

"machine"

encased within simple box

no ornament

Sheffield Company

Victorian design,

sterling silver scissors,

*curves within curves*, 1851

cast iron scissors

Great Exhibition 1851, industrial rev, functional and machine fabricated+assembly line

Thonet Brothers

bentwood chairs at Great Exhibition 1850s, awarded bronze medal

industrial design

*steam-forming machine to soften and bend wood around molds*--"gentle curve"

assembled on assembly line--only six parts

functional

Chair #14

Victorian vs Industrial

*Victorian*: Beauty, ornament, decorative, domestic life, individually crafted

*industrial*: machine-made, mass produced, functional

Machines at Great Exhibition brought simplicity and something "new" and more useful than Victorian designs

Thomas Shearer

Desk, 1851, functional with lots of drawers, swing outs, etc.

Arts and Crafts movement, individual BUT focus on function

Universal Exposition 1889

Paris exposition (1889), Hall of Machines (similar to Crystal Palace from 1851 Great Exhibition

origin of World's Fair and celebrate centennial of French Revolution (1789 storming of Bastille)

32 million visitors;

*official entrance was Eiffel Tower*

not important but: Palace of Industry 1855

Gustave Eiffel

Ran engineering firm for *Eiffel Tower*

Eiffel Tower

entrance to Universal Exposition

two senior engineers (Maurice Koechlin+Emile Nougier)--called it "Pylon of Honor" with 4 girders

Stephen Sauvestre--added arches to base for safety and stronger foundation

*composed of iron in towering lattice pattern*--transparent to give human-made in natural context

72 names of French scientists, engineers, math peeps: celebrated INDUSTRIAL BABEYYY

hydraulic elevator

1889; first installed on Eiffel Tower;

traction lift with water pressure;

open so public can see/display transparency

Hall of Machines

1889; industrial, iron superstructure and glass (similar to Crystal Palace)--also modular system with open interior but larger

British Arts and Crafts Movement

William Morris, "stick" furniture, wallpaper designs, 1880s

American Arts and Crafts Movement

Gustav Stickley, furniture, 1902-1908, *Transcendentalism* influence

William Morris

Arts and Crafts *British*, attended 1889 Universal Exhibition in Paris;

"*democratizing design*"--"art should be by the people and for the people" (middle class)

*"stick" furniture*, wallpaper, 1880s

Morris and Company-"employed textiles dyers and weavers and wood carving workshops"

"stick" furniture

dowels of wood put together, handcrafted

*simple lines* (horizontal and vertical)--avoid curves

*absence of ornament*--too time consuming

*focus on function*: easy to get out, lightweight, armrests, smooth surface

-Arts and Crafts

wallpaper designs

Arts and Crafts 1880s; had books similar to Victorian pattern books;

taken from nature

"*nature domesticated*" or "*nature idealized*" instead of imitation--not chaotic and uniform, *geometrically configured* (ovals, cylinders, etc), all facing parallel to surface plane, repetitively placed pos/neg rhythms,

"*decorative colors*" (few colors) instead of descriptive (i.e. many shades of green)

Victorian chairs vs. British Arts and Crafts Chairs

*Victorian*: ornate, decorative focus 1850s

*British Arts and Crafts*: simplistic, function focus 1880s

*both*: individually crafted

Gustav Stickley

American Arts and Crafts "Craftsman movement" 1902-1908, furniture maker and architect, publish The Craftsman magazine to get interested in style, influenced by Transcendentalism

simple (but not sticks), handcrafted (no machines or nails, only *wooden pegs and grooves*)

preferred American wood (tiger oak) and *ammonia fumed* wood instead of painted to maintain natural texture *Truth to Materials*--natural look is beauty *"Mission Style" influence*

"open floor plan, local materials, built-in furniture", log cabin idea, put Woodworker's compass burnt in with Als Ik Khan--means "to the best of my ability", Log Cabin Idea

Gustav Stickley sofa

just pics bb

Gustave Stickley table

just pics bb

Transcendentalism

only in USA, "*return to nature*", harmony with nature

Ralph Waldo Emerson;

*Henry David Thoreau*- Walden "a reflection upon simple living in natural"--lived in simple shack by pond, interested in idea of survival

"*natural materials from natural environment*"

"*materials not tampered with or disguised*"

"furniture fits environmental concern"

"so functional that simplicity focuses on user and harmony with nature"

Craftsman Catalog

Stickley's magazine series/books with designs and DIY and more about Craftsman movement

Arts and Crafts traits from industrial/Victorian

*from Industrial*: simple, focus on function

*from Victorian*: handcrafted

French Art Noveau

translates "new art"--completely new, breaking from past, 1890-1900

Siegfried "Samuel" Bing, Dec. 1895, Paris, and his gallery Maison de (L'Art Noveau shop*

Maison entrace: bundles of sunflowers removed from nature--turned into ornament (conforming position, repeated arrangement/balanced)

*"abstracted natural forms"*

*"nature as dynamic*"--different angles, blossoming, etc

"abstracted natural forms"

"geometrically idealized" (circles, ovals, etc.--*rational nature*) = natural idealized (**similar** to Arts&Crafts),

*symmetrical*,

*harmonically repetitive" --duplicate pattern, i.e. flowers at different angles but same amount of blooming

Art Noveau vs. Arts and Crafts

*Art Noveau*: geometrical idealized, nature as DYNAMIC

*Arts and Crafts*: idealized nature, but controlled and NOT DYNAMIC

Eugene Gaillard

Art Noveau; buffet 1895;

ornamental patterns abstracted from natural forms (vines as cylinder)--*geometricizied*

*nature as dynamic*: growing, coiling, climbing vines

*harmonically repetitive*: duplicating pattern, domesticated nature

Rene Lalique

1900, Art Noveau, jewelry designer (metal, glass, gems), initially sold at Bing's Noveau shop;

inspiration from plants but also insects, birds, other animals *dynamically in motion*

peacock pin: geometrically idealized (ovals repeated), symmetric/harmonically repetitive, nature as dynamic

Louis Comfort Tiffany

lamps (1895-1906) and vases (1895-1903), Art Noveau, American artist/designer

stained glass in windows and lamps, supplied Bing with lamps and vases

Wisteria Lamp

1895, Tiffany, Art Noveau

geometrically idealized, three patterns of elaves (bisect, trisect, solid)

three color combos

rhythmically placed (symmetrical)

dynamic with overlapping leaves etc but still controlled

Peacock vase 1895

Tiffany, Art Noveau, feathers geometrically idealized as ovals and concentric

Zinnia lamp 1906

Tiffany, Art Noveau, more dynamism than prior lamps,

*dynamism*: dynamic nature with growing upward, roots, flexible, overlapping--shift from just geometrical to *more emphasis dynamic*

peacock vase 1903

Tiffany, Art Noveau, more dynamic than 1895 peacock vase, not just geometrical idealization but MORE DYNAMISM

Serbian Silverware

1900, Bing's catalog for sale, Art Noveau

functional design appropriates natural world, but very dynamic nature (a bit less geometrical idealized/enforced order)

Universal Exposition of 1900

world's fair held in Paris, celebrate achievements of past century and accelerate into the next, Art Noveau very present,

many people: planned public transportation (Paris metro), tickets to attend, escalators and moving sidewalk

corresponded to Olympic Games--even medals there Noveau influence

wtf Campbell Soup got gold medal (so did escalator)

Eiffel Tower lit with dynamic lights but bc more industrial, not much focus and NOT the entrance this time

Rene Binet

Universal Exposition,1900;

Art Noveau

*Place de la Concorde* (entrance gate):

geometricized vines, flowers

Grand Palais

Universal Exposition, 1900;

Art Noveau;

sculpture display;

similiar to Crystal Palace to bring more light in buttttt

geometricized vines, flowers, leaves, seashell natural forms

Petit Palais

Universal Expositon, 1900;

Art Noveau

Gallery of Flying/Electric Machines--industrial rev design moving into integration with nature

embedded natural forms geometricized (flower stalk)

Celestial Globe

Universal Exposition 1900;

Art Noveau,

150 ft diameter, interior 110 ft

"sun, stars, planets, and comets reproduced show by electricity"--lighting in the sky

still focused on dynamic nature (trees along sides) but integrated in technology

Pavilion Bleu Restaurant

Universal Exposition 1900;

Art Noveau

plant stalks growing upward, dynamic in ornamental patterns

Bing Pavilion

Universal Expositon 1900;

Art Noveau

Bing displayed 6 model rooms simulating living environments--emphasized principle of *creating ambience*

sitting room, Georges de Feure

Georges de Feure

Universal Expositon 1900;

Art Noveau,

furniture displayed in Bing Pavilion, nature abstracted and geometrical idealization (vine growing upward and budding--dynamic)

Eugene Grasset

1897, pattern book for Art Noveau Style

*Plants and their Application to Ornament*

provides different ways of representing nature--both if more earlier Noveau--geomtrical idealization--or later Noveau focus on dynamic

School of Nancy

city Nancy in France; Art Noveau--but slightly diff

Louis Majorelle--major spokesman

Louis Majorelle cabinet

1900, French Art Noveau, School of Nancy, dynamic vines

*modeled in clay* for ornamental pattern prototype before wood carving--organic patterns+pinched looking dynamic coils/curls, stretched

Louis Majorelle chair

1900, Art Noveau, School of Nancy,

*modeled in clay*

!!*mix different materials*: wood, metal, glass combined

i.e. wood represents stalks growing dynamically up and out

bronze for plant's flower buds and roots

*metamorphosis*--stalk change to bud to flower AND wood fuses into bronze

School of Nancy Process

ornament modeled in clay (pinch, expand, contracting look): growing plant

*vitalism* !!!!!!

use of *different materials*: *fusion* of plant's dynamic life sequence

Louis Majorelle desk

1900, Art Noveau;

abstracted natural patterns: stalk, buds, flower, roots

fusion of materials and metamorphosis of natural process

Hector Guimard

Paris architect, Art Noveau, designed private residences (Castel Beranger) and Metro stations for Paris 1900

Castel Beranger

Paris, 1897, Art Noveau, private residence by Hector Guimard

posts at entrance drew on nature, abstracted natural patterns (vines, leaves, buds) dynamically (coiling)

different materials: metal, clay tile, mixing structural and decorative elements (i.e. metal tree post)

metro stations Paris

Art Noveau by Hector Guimard

(1)1903, lamp post--plant growing upward with glass lightbulb as bud (mix material) and other natural forms in metal frame i.e. flower blossom

(2) in pic, 1905, seashell pattern, dynamic branching upward

theme: underground built by man/mechanized, upper is natural world, Noveau gates as mediator between two worlds--gates are nature domesticated

Hector Guimard bench

1898, Art Noveau, stalk growing upward and going across, kinda more abstract/less able to tell what plant than other Noveau people

Hector Guimard chair

1900, Art Noveau, stalk growing upward and going across, kinda more abstract/less able to tell what plant than other Noveau people

Charles Darwin

"Origin of the Species" 1859 and "Descent of Man" 1871 influenced Art Noveau

*Evolutionism*: the response

*Adaptation*: refinement

*Natural Selection*/*Metamorphosis*: alteration within life

Evolutionism

Noveau influence, *the response*--focus on dynamism as response

Adaptation

Noveau influence, *the refine*--focus on *harmony* and *rational nature*

Metamorphosis

Noveau influence, *the alteration*, use of *different materials*:

dynamism: nature always in motion

metamorphosis: stalk into bud into blossom

*fusion* of materials: wood supports bronze

Arts and Crafts vs. Art Nouveau

*Arts and Crafts*: 1880-1910, return to Nature, domesticated nature, idealized nature

*Art Noveau*: 1890-1900 ornament derived from Nature, nature as *dynamic*--scientific theory influence