science inquiry

Extraneous variables (4)

experimenter effects, participant variables, environment, demand characteristics

Confounding variable

Uncontrolled variables that have affected the DV

A directional hypothesis needs:

population, define IV and DV, direction of relationship, measurement

Sample

Subset of the population

Population

Group of research interest

Snowball sampling

Researchers find individuals of interest, then those individuals suggest others

Stratified sampling

Dividing the population into strata based on shared characteristics

Concepts in ethics (5)

right to protection from harm, informed consent, voluntary participation/withdrawal rights, confidentiality, privacy

Ethics code (3)

Respect, propriety, integrity

Three Rs of animal research

Replacement, reduction, refinement

Evidence based conclusion

Difference between groups, effect of the IV on DV, hypothesis supported/rejected

Role of ethics committees

To approve and monitor the conduct of psychological research

Single-blind procedure

Participants don’t know which group they’ve been allocated to

Double-blind procedure

Neither participants or researchers know which group the person has been allocated to

Ways to minimise the effects of extraneous/confounding variables (4)

Placebo, random allocation of participants, single/double-blind procedure, standardisation of procedure