AP Bio Unit 1: Chemistry of Life

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61 Terms

1

What are the building blocks of polymers?

Monomers

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2

What occurs in dehydration synthesis?

One monomer forms a covalent bond to another monomer and releases a water molecule.

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3

Glucose

a simple sugar (monosaccharide) that serves as the main source of energy for cells in living organisms

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4

The solubility of a solute in a solvent is always the same regardless of temperature.

Answer: False

Explanation: Solubility often changes with temperature

Ex. sugar dissolves better in hot water than cold water.

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5

A solute will always dissolve in a solvent

Answer: False

Explanation: Some solutes do not dissolve in certain solvents. Oil and water are classic examples of this

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6

Cohesion is not affected by temperature.

Answer: False

Explanation: Temperature affects cohesion; higher temperatures can weaken cohesive forces by increasing molecular movement.

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7

The heat of vaporization is measured in joules per gram

(J/g).

Answer: True

Explanation: The heat of vaporization is typically measured in joules per gram (J/g), indicating the energy required to vaporize one gram of a substance.

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8

What is the heat of vaporization?

Answer: The amount of heat required to convert 1 gram of a liquid into a gas at its boiling point

Explanation: Heat of vaporization is the energy needed to turn a liquid into a gas at its boiling point.

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9

Cohesion is the reason why water can travel up plant stems.

Answer: True

Explanation: Cohesion helps water molecules stick together as they move up plant stems through capillary action, working with adhesion.

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10

Adhesion helps plants transport water from their roots to their leaves.

Answer: True

Explanation: Adhesion allows water molecules to cling to the walls of plant vessels, aiding in the upward movement of water through capillary action.

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11

Adhesion is not involved in the formation of meniscus in a liquid column.

Answer: False

Explanation: The meniscus forms due to adhesion, which makes the liquid molecules stick to the container walls, resulting in a curved surface.

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12

The heat of vaporization is an endothermic process.

Answer: True

Explanation: Vaporization is endothermic because it requires energy input to overcome intermolecular forces, absorbing heat from the surroundings.

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13

Why does water exhibit adhesive properties?

Answer: Because of hydrogen bonding

Explanation: Water's adhesive properties are due to hydrogen bonds forming between water molecules and other substances.

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14

What happens when a polar molecule interacts with a nonpolar molecule?

Answer: They repel each other

Explanation: Hydrogen bonds form between polar molecules, not between polar and nonpolar molecules.

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15

Why is water considered a polar molecule?

Answer: It has a bent shape and an unequal distribution of electrons

Explanation: Water's shape is asymmetrical, which is why it is polar.

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16

Which factor does NOT affect the heat of vaporization of a substance?

Answer: Temperature. Temperature affects the rate of vaporization but not the intrinsic heat of vaporization

Explanation: Higher molecular weight can affect the heat of vaporization.

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17

The heat of vaporization is the amount of energy required to convert one gram of a liquid into a gas at its boiling point.

Answer: True

Explanation: The heat of vaporization is indeed the energy needed to turn one gram of liquid into gas at its boiling point, reflecting the energy required to break intermolecular forces.

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18

In which scenario does adhesion play a crucial role?

Answer: Water forming a meniscus in a graduated cylinder

Explanation: Melting is a phase change, not related to adhesion.

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19

Polarity in molecules affects their solubility in water.

Answer: True

Explanation: Polarity affects solubility because polar molecules, like water, can dissolve other polar substances due to their ability to form hydrogen bonds.

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20

The heat of vaporization is the same as the heat of fusion.

Answer: False

Explanation: The heat of vaporization and heat of fusion are different; vaporization involves liquid to gas, while fusion involves solid to liquid.

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21

The heat of vaporization is the same for all substances.

Answer: False

Explanation: Different substances have different heat of vaporization values due to varying intermolecular forces; stronger forces require more energy to vaporize.

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22

The heat of vaporization for water is lower than that for alcohol.

Answer: False

Explanations: Water's heat of vaporization is higher because its hydrogen bonds are stronger than the intermolecular forces in alcohol, needing more energy to vaporize.

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23

The heat of vaporization is important in regulating Earth's climate.

Answer: True

Explanation: The heat of vaporization plays a crucial role in climate regulation by absorbing heat during evaporation and releasing it during condensation, affecting weather patterns.

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24

How does the heat of vaporization of water benefit the environment?

Answer: It stabilizes ocean temperatures

Explanation: The high heat of vaporization of water helps absorb and release heat, stabilizing ocean temperatures.

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25

The heat of vaporization can be used to calculate the energy required to vaporize a given mass of liquid.

Answer: True

Explanation: By multiplying the heat of vaporization by the mass of the liquid, you can calculate the total energy needed to vaporize that mass.

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26

What is covalent bonding?

The sharing of electrons.

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27

What is polar covalent bonding?

Uneven sharing of elections (cause of partial charge)

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28

Nonpolar covalent

Electrons that are EVENLY shared

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29

Ionic Bonding

Transfer of electrons (this process also forms salt)

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30

Hydrogen Bonding

Occurs between a hydrogen and an electronegative atom

This process is most commonly found in water

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31

Is water a polar or nonpolar molecule?

Water is a polar molecule

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32

Polarity

The relationship between two opposite charges

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33

High heat of vaporization

The amount of energy required to convert a substance from a state of liquid to gas

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34

High specific heat

The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a substance by 1 degree celsius

An example of this is water.

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35

Cohesion

“SAME”

SIMILAR particles sticking together

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36

Adhesion

“DIFFERENT”

The joining of surfaces of DIFFERENT compositions

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37

What is the difference between cohesion and adhesion?

Adhesion is the attraction between molecules that are DIFFERENT substances. Cohesion is the attraction of molecules that are the SAME substance.

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38

What are the four groups of biologically important molecules?

Proteins, Lipids, Carbohydrates, and Nucleic Acids

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39

What is a polymer?

A polymer is any large molecule that is made by the process of bonding.

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40

How are polymers formed?

Monomers join together to form polymer chains by making covalent bonds.

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41

How can polymers be broken apart?

Through hydrolysis (“to split water”)

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42

What is the monomer of carbs?

Monosaccharides

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43

What makes up lipids?

Glycerol & fatty acids

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44

What makes up nucleic acids?

Nucleotides

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45

What are the three groups of carbs?

Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, & Polysaccharides

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46

What is the role of carbohydrates in living things?

Carbohydrates act as an energy source by controlling blood glucose, insulin metabolism, & help with energy consumption

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47

What is the monomer of proteins?

Amino acids

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48

What are the types of bonding in proteins?

Peptide, Ionic, Disulfide, Hydrogen, & Hydrophobic interactions

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49

What are the 4 levels of protein structures?

Primary, secondary, tertiary, & quaternary structure

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50

Formulation of peptide bonds

A peptide bond forms between the nitrogen in amino groups

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51

Lipids

A fatty compound that is responsible for several functions in the body (soluble in organic solvents, NOT soluble in polar solvents)

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52

Structure of triglyceride fats

A glycerol backbone is esterified with three fatty acids.

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53

Formulation of triglyceride fats

Requires glycerol and three fatty acids

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54

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?

Unsaturated fats contain one or two bonds & have less hydrogen atoms on their carbon chains than saturated fats

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55

Structure of steroids

The basic structure of a steroid is called a gonane

it is composed of:

  • 17 carbon atoms

  • bonded in 4 fused rings (three 6 member cyclohexane rings)

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56

Function of steroids

They are crucial components of the cell membrane and dictate the membrane fluidity by signaling molecules

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57

Structure of phospholipids

  • 2 fatty acids

  • a glycerol unit

  • a phosphate group

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58

Function of phospholipids

Acts as a barrier to protect the cell against various environmental insults

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59

What is the monomer of nucleic acids?

Nucleotides

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60

What are the two types of nucleic acids?

DNA & RNA

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61

What is standard deviation?

Standard deviation is a measure of how dispersed the data is in relation to the mean

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