Socio-Economic and Political Challenges faced by Craig and by the Northern Ireland government.

6 Key Points

Security

• What does Craig set up in October 1920 including the ‘B’ Specials and later the ‘Special Powers Act’ (April 1922)

• Security policy is extremely discriminatory for Republicans- Between 1920-22 for every Protestant killed how many Catholics are murdered?

• In 1922 over how many people were killed in political disturbances in Belfast alone?

• USC - Ulster Special Constabulary

• For every 1, 2 Catholics are murdered.

• over 230 people.

Finance-

• True/False “The Government of Ireland Act’s provision for Westminster to retain ultimate control over finance”.

• Yes/No - Does this create problems for Belfast administration as its financial planning is largely dictated by Westminster?

• “Balancing the books” (Ensuring not going into debt), remained a problem through the 1920s, as what 2 key NI industries were in decline?

• However a greater degree of financial stability was brought by the Colwyn Award in 1925 which stated that NI was to see to its domestic expenditure first and then worry about i…c…? I.e NI should not have to prioritise their finances to relieving British public debt.

• Before this 1925 award, what was their expected imperial contribution? (Hint: £… million)

• This was especially burdensome with NI unemployment levels of …?

• True

• Yes

• Linen and shipbuilding

• Imperial contribution

• £8 million

• 100,000

Minority Catholic population

• Sense of a… as 2nd class citizens.

• Joe Devlin and his (Old IPP), and SF refused to take up their seats in the NI parliament as they considered it to be supporting the “a…c…s…”.

• Some Catholic schoolteachers refused to accept what from where?

• Instead, they were paid by… until they could no longer afford to in 1922?

• alienation

• “artificially constructed state”.

• Salaries from the NI Department of Education.

• The provisional government of the Irish Free State.

Relations with the Irish Free State

• In 1921 what 2 leaders met?

• In January and March 1922, there were 2 C-C pacts? Showing somewhat ‘civil’ relations between north and south.

• All in all, throughout the 1920s a “f…co-existence” marked relations between north and south.

• What 2 factors prevented relations from deteriorating further between north and south? (Hint: 1 is the emergence of a new moderate IFS leader.)

• Craig and de Valera

• Collins-Craig pacts

• frosty

• W.T. Cosgrave in 1922, less time for both sides to zone in on their tensions, trying to put their own states in order.

Local government

• Unionists were intimidated by Nationalists taking control in councils such as (give 3) where Catholics significantly outnumbered Protestants.

• To solve this Unionists introduced the infamous “g…” of the electoral districts to prevent a Nationalist majority.

• They also changed the local government franchise (right to vote) on the basis of owning …

• And the introduction of a “first-past-the-post”/ “m…” voting system.

• Tyrone, Fermanagh and Derry city.

• Gerrymandering

• land/property

• majoritarian.

Education

• Who was the NI minister for education?

• What kind of education system did he envisage for NI? What did he produce in 1923 stating this?

• True/False, he received fierce opposition from Catholic bishops and Protestant ministers ensuring this system would not take root?

• This led to the formation of the 1930 Education Act, what did it recognise?

• Lord Londonderry

• Non-denominational

• 1923 Education Act

• True

• There would be 2 types of schools. “Catholic maintained schools” and state schools (de facto Protestant schools)