Studied by 2 people
anaphase
the third stage of mitosis when the centromeres divide and the sister chromatids separate
cell cycle
the process that somatic cells go through in order to grow and to reproduce
centrioles
cylindrically shaped cell organelles found in animal cells that aid in forming a spindle during mitosis
centromere
a condensed region where sister chromatids are held together
chromatin
the threadlike material made of DNA and proteins that condense to form chromosomes
cytokinesis
the last part of the cell cycle when the cytoplasm divides to form two daughter cells
daughter cell
a cell formed by the division of another cell
interphase
the longest part of a cell cycle when the cell grows and develops, replicates its DNA< and makes proteins and RNA to prepare for cell division
metaphase
the second stage of mitosis when the chromatids line up along the midline of the nucleus
microtubules
hollow rod-like structures that form a spindle during mitosis and aid in moving sister chromatids to opposite sides of the dividing cell
mitosis
the part of the cell cycle when the nucleus divides
prophase
the first stage of mitosis when chromatin condenses and can be seen
replicate
to make an exact copy of; for example, chromosomes replicate in the nucleus before a cell divides
sister chromatids
the two identical copies of a chromosomes that are attached by a centromere
somatic cells
all the cells in the body except the sex cells (gametes); the cells that make up tissues and organs
telophase
the last phase of mitosis when new nuclear membranes are formed around each set of chromosomes
apoptosis
programmed cell death
cancer
a disorder of the cell cycle that results in uncontrolled cell division and the formation of malignant (spreading) tumors
carcinogen
any substance that is directly involved in causing cancer; includes certain chemicals, UV radiation, and even certain viruses
checkpoint
a control point in the cell cycle where stop signals can regulate the cell cycle
gene
a section of DNA that gives a cell instructions for making a protein
metastasis
the process of abnormal cancer cell breaking away from their home tissues and spreading to other parts of the body and forming new masses
mutation
a permanent change in the DNA sequence of a gene
oncogene
a mutated gene that has teh potential to cause cancer
tumor
a mass of cells that is growing out of control
asexual reproduction
type of reproduction that occurs when only one parent organism reproduces itself to form a genetically identical offspring
binary fission
a type of asexual reproduction that occurs when a single-celled organism reproduces itself by replicating its DNA and then dividing
budding
a type of asexual reproduction that occurs when a group of cells grows on parent organism and eventually detaches to become a separate organism
fragmentation
a type of asexual reproduction in which a small or broken piece from an organism develops into a new adult organism
offspring
children; organisms produced or “born” to one of two parent organisms
pollination
in plants, the transfer of pollen from the male reproductive organ to the female reproductive organ
regeneration
the regrowing of a missing body part
reproduction
the production of offspring from one or two parent organisms
vegetative propagation
a type of asexual reproduction that occurs when a new plant grows from a part of the parent plant
autosomes
the pairs of chromosomes that do not include the one pair of sex chromosomes and that do not determine gender
crossing over
the exchange of DNA between paired homologous chromosomes during meiosis
diploid cells
somatic cells produced through the process of mitosis that contain the full number of chromosomes for that organism; have a 2n number of chromosomes
genetic variation
differences in the combination of genes passed from one generation to another
haploid cells
sex cells produced through the process of meiosis that contain half the number of chromosomes for that organism; have an n number of chromosomes
homologous chromosomes
the two chromosomes that make up each pair of human somatic cells (23 pairs for a total of 46 chromosomes in humans)
karyotypes
a type of chromosomal analysis that photographs and arranges chromosomes so that they can be visually inspected for defects
meiosis
the process that forms the sex cells called gametes (ova and sperm)
sex cells (or gametes)
the cells other than somatic cells that are formed through a process called meiosis
sex chromosomes
the pair of chromosomes that determines gender
tetrad
homologous chromosomes paired together side by side during meiosis
cellular differentiation
process that creates different types of specialized cells
conjugation
a type of sexual reproduction in which two parent organisms, usually bacteria exchange genetic material; no offspring are produced but new combinations of genes are formed that can then be passed to future offspring
fertilization
the union of a male and a female gamete during sexual reproduction
gamete
sex cell; sperm or egg cell
oogenesis
the production of ova (or eggs)
ova
egg cells (or female gametes)
polar body
a cell produced during oogenesis that does not form a mature egg cell
pollination
in plants, the transfer of pollen from the male reproductive organ to the female reproductive organ
sexual reproduction
type of reproduction that usually requires two parents to produce offspring that are not genetically identical to either parent
spermatozoa
sperm cells (or male gametes)
stem cells
undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into other types of specialized cells
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