Stages of Economic Development and Social Reform Movements

Rostow's Stages of Development

Framework outlining economic growth phases.

Traditional Society

Agrarian subsistence farming with barter trade.

Pre-Conditions of Industrial Takeoff

Increased specialization and entrepreneurship for industrial growth.

Access to Raw Materials

Inventions boosting production and industrialization.

Reliable Power Source

Waterfalls initially powered mills, later replaced by steam.

Steady Labor Supply

Dependence on enslaved labor and immigrant workforce.

Effective Transportation System

Turnpikes, canals, steamboats, and railroads improved transport.

Take-Off

Initial industrialization supported by political and social institutions.

Drive to Industrial Maturity

Economy diversifies with increased self-reliance.

High Mass Consumption

Emergence of consumerism and service sector.

Peculiar Institution

Southern term for slavery, viewed as unique.

Necessary Evil

Belief that slavery was problematic but unavoidable.

Positive Good

View that slavery benefited Southern economy.

Cotton Gin

Machine that revolutionized cotton production and labor.

Missouri Compromise

Allowed slavery below 36°30' line, prohibited above.

Firebell in the Night

Jefferson's prediction of civil war over slavery.

Manumission

Process of granting freedom to enslaved individuals.

American Colonization Society

Group aimed to send free blacks to Africa.

Abolitionism

Movement to end slavery and free enslaved individuals.

American Anti-Slavery Society

Organization fighting for the abolition of slavery.

Deism

Belief in a creator without supernatural intervention.

Unitarianism

Religious belief emphasizing logic and reasoning.

The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth

Jefferson's edited version of the Bible.

Second Great Awakening

Religious revival movement in early 19th century.

Southern Wave

Revival movement focused on post-revolutionary society.

Northern Wave

Spread of Southern revivals correcting societal values.

Frontier Revivals

Evangelistic meetings engaging rural communities.

Camp Meetings

Gatherings promoting religious involvement among rural people.

Evangelicalism

Spread of religious fervor and reform ideas.

Burned-Over District

Region with intense religious activity and sinning.

Make Earth as it is in Heaven

Religious call for societal transformation.

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints

Mormon church founded by Joseph Smith.

Book of Mormon

Translated scripture detailing American religious history.

Nauvoo

Mormon settlement in Illinois after persecution.

Celestial Marriage

Mormon practice of polygamy.

Salt Lake City

Mormon settlement established by Brigham Young.

Brigham Young

Leader who brought Mormons to Utah.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

1848 treaty that ceded Mexican territory to U.S.

Romanticism

Movement emphasizing individual spirit and emotion.

Transcendentalism

Philosophy promoting individualism and spiritual self-reliance.

Liminality

Concept of existing in transitional states.

Brook Farm

Utopian community for Romanticists in Massachusetts.

Walden

Thoreau's book on nature's beauty and simplicity.

Civil Disobedience

Thoreau's essay advocating law-breaking against injustice.

Temperance Movement

Campaign to reduce or prohibit alcohol consumption.

American Temperance Union

Founded in 1833 to advocate for alcohol prohibition.

The Drunkard's Progress

Illustration showing the consequences of alcoholism.

Cult of Domesticity

Ideal of women's roles centered on home and family.

Ideals of Womanhood

Piety, purity, domesticity, and submissiveness for women.

Motherhood

Role of mothers in teaching democracy and values.

Seneca Falls Convention

First women's rights convention in 1848.

Declaration of Rights and Sentiments

Document asserting equality of men and women.

Utopian Communities

Idealistic societies aiming for perfect living conditions.

Rappites

Religious community practicing celibacy and hard work.

Shakers

Group believing in celibacy and the second coming.

Oneida Community

Utopian society practicing complex marriage and perfectionism.

Millerites

Group anticipating Christ's return on October 22, 1844.

Owenites

Free love commune practicing enlightened socialism.

Fourierites

Socialist communities organized into cooperative phalanxes.

The Liberator

Abolitionist newspaper by William Lloyd Garrison.

Women's Rights Movement

Advocacy for gender equality and women's suffrage.

Care for the Deaf

Thomas Gallaudet's efforts to improve deaf education.

Gallaudet University

Institution for the education of deaf individuals.

Care for the Blind

Samuel Gridley Howe's initiatives for blind education.

Boston Line Type

Embossed alphabet for blind reading, similar to Braille.

Care for Mental Illness

Dorothea Dix advocated humane treatment for mental illness.

Asylum and Mental Hospitals

Facilities created for the care of mentally ill individuals.

Care for Prisoners

Critique of prison systems promoting crime rather than rehabilitation.

Asylum

Facilities created for mental illness care.

Auburn System

Prison model emphasizing redemption over punishment.

Penitentiary

Institution for individuals to repent for crimes.

Recidivism

Tendency of criminals to reoffend.

Naturalism

Celebration of nature and individual identity.

Emotionalism

Acceptance of emotions as valid expressions.

Hudson River School

Art movement focused on nature's grandeur.

Frederick Edwin Church

Artist known for romantic landscapes and sunsets.

Thomas Cole

Painter depicting civilization's edge and natural change.

Romantic Literature

Writings emphasizing nature and human experience.

Cooper

Author of 'Last of the Mohicans' advocating harmony.

Melville

Wrote 'Moby Dick' exploring nature's dominance.

Hawthorne

Focused on sin and its human consequences.

Poe

Wrote about death and fascination with mortality.

Whitman

Poet addressing industrial life and humanity.

Whig Party

Political group favoring centralized government.

Manifest Destiny

Belief in US's divine right to expand.

Overland Trails

Route for settlers to western territories.

Oregon Fever

Mass migration to Oregon for fertile land.

Election of 1840

Whigs won with Harrison and Tyler's campaign.

Curse of Tecumseh

Legend suggesting Harrison's presidency doomed.

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

Settled Maine-Canada border dispute.

Texas

Former Mexican territory settled by Americans.

Empresarios

Land developers who settled Texas for Mexico.

The Old 300

First settlers granted land in Texas.

Texan Independence

Revolution sparked by American immigration fears.

Alamo

Famous battle site for Texan independence.

Goliad

Location of massacre of Texan captives.

San Jacinto

Decisive battle leading to Texan independence.

Texas Statehood

Texas became the 15th slave state.

54 40 or Fight

Slogan advocating for full Oregon territory claim.

Nueces and Rio Grande

Disputed Texas border between Mexico and US.