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Bivariate correlations
associations that involve exactly two variables
what makes a study correlational?
having two measured variables
construct validity
how well was each variable measured
statistical validity
how well do the data support the conclusion?
internal validity
can we make a casual inference from an association?
external validity
to whom can the association be generalized?
effect size
describes the strength of an association between two or more variables
What are some questions to determine construct validity?
“How well was each of the variables measured?”
“Does the measure have good reliability?”
“Is it measuring what it’s intended to measure?”
“What is the evidence for its face validity, for its concurrent validity, and for its discriminant and convergent validity?”
What are some questions to determine statistical validity
“How strong is the relationship?”
“How percise is the estimate?”
“Has it been replicated?”
“Could outliers be affecting ther association?”
“Is there restriction of range?”
“Is the association curvilinear”
association claim
describes the relationship found between two measured variables
statistically significant
p < .05, it's unlikely that the reuslt came from the null hypothesis population
outliers
extreme scores, higher or lower than other scores
restriction of range
bivariate correlation, the absence of the full range of possible scores, the relationship from the sample underestimates the correlation
Directionality problem
in a correlational study, the occurence of both variables being measured around the same time, making it unclear which variable in the association came first
third-variable problem
the existence of a possible alternative explaination for the outcome
suprious association
bivarriate correlation exists, but only because of 3rd variable
moderator
variable, depending on its level, changes the relationship between two other variables
