Unification of Germany

Common language

Different dialects spoken across German states that contributed to the potential for unification.

Diet

An assembly formed by the Congress of Vienna, with Austria as the permanent President, limiting German autonomy.

Zollverein

A customs union established in 1834 to create economic unity in Germany by removing internal tariffs.

Großdeutschland vs. Kleindeutschland

Controversial concepts regarding whether a unified German state should include Austria (Großdeutschland) or exclude it (Kleindeutschland).

Culturkampf

Bismarck's conflict with the Catholic Church aimed at reducing its influence in the newly formed German state.

Carlsbad Decrees

Measures taken in 1819 to censor publications and dismiss revolutionary professors after the murder of Kotzebue.

Frankfurt Assembly

National assembly formed in 1848-49 aimed at unifying Germany, which ultimately failed due to lack of military power.

Battle of Königgratz

A decisive battle in 1866 during the Austro-Prussian War where Prussia defeated Austria.

Treaty of Prague

The treaty that ended the Austro-Prussian War in 1866, leading to the dissolution of the German Confederation.

Kulturkampf Laws

Laws implemented by Bismarck in the 1870s to control the Catholic Church in Prussia and limit its power.