Baker APUSH Need to Know List

Black Death

A disease from Asia that killed 1/3 of Europe's population, leading to widespread death and suffering in Western Europe during the medieval period.

Patriarchies

Social systems where men hold primary power and predominate in roles of political leadership, moral authority, social privilege, and control of property.

Encomienda System

A grant of forced Native American labor given by the Spanish King to a Spanish colonist in the Americas in exchange for protection and religious guidance, often leading to exploitative practices.

Triangular Trade

A historical trade route between Europe, Africa, and the Americas that involved the exchange of goods, slaves, and resources, contributing to the economic growth of European powers.

Town Meetings

Informal public gatherings in colonial New England where adult men could vote and participate in local governance, laying the foundation for democratic practices in America.

First Great Awakening

A religious revival movement in the American colonies during the 1730s and 1740s that emphasized personal repentance, faith, and equality, leading to the formation of new Christian denominations and influencing colonial society.

Enlightenment

A European intellectual movement emphasizing reason, individualism, and skepticism of traditional authority, influencing American politics and society during the colonial period.

Benjamin Franklin

An American Enlightenment figure who popularized rational thinking and scientific inquiry, contributing to the secularization of colonial life and the promotion of free speech and press.

Anglicization

The process by which English colonists adopted English customs, language, and culture, leading to the spread of British influence in the American colonies.

Atlantic Slave Trade

System centered in Brazil and the West Indies producing sugar, tobacco, and rice, with sugar as the primary product, leading to the transformation of islands into slave-based plantation colonies and generating wealth for Great Britain.

Chattel Slavery

System where slaves are considered property and can be bought and sold like commodities.

Established Churches

Religious institutions funded by the government, such as the Church of England in Virginia and the Congregational Church in Massachusetts Bay, supported by taxes to finance churches aligning with the crown's beliefs.

Consent

The concept that governments derive their power from the approval of the governed.

Self-Rule

Political authority exercised by a colony over itself, allowed until the Treaty of Paris post-Seven Years’ War, a factor leading to the American Revolution.

Seven Years’ War/French and Indian War

Conflict between France, Britain, and Native American tribes over land in the Ohio region, leading to the Treaty of Paris in 1763 and British dominance in North America.

Whiskey Rebellion

Uprising against excessive taxes, particularly on whiskey, challenging the government's viability and leading to federal intervention under Alexander Hamilton.

Natural Rights

Resistance influenced by English common law, Enlightenment ideas like John Locke's natural rights, and Montesquieu's separation of powers, providing the intellectual basis for the American Revolution.

Thomas Paine-Common Sense

Pamphlet advocating for American independence and republican government, critiquing monarchy and inspiring support for independence.

Articles of Confederation

US government system with advantages like war initiation power but weaknesses such as inability to impose tariffs or regulate commerce, leading to financial instability and the need for a new constitution.

Constitutional Convention

Meeting in Philadelphia in 1787 to revise the Articles of Confederation, leading to the drafting of the Constitution and the creation of a two-house Congress through the Great Compromise.

3/5 Compromise

Each slave counted as 3/5 of a person for state taxation and representation purposes.

Federalist Party

Led by Hamilton, supported a strong central government, pro-British, advocated for a national bank, high tariffs, and strong military.

The Federalist Papers

Persuasive essays supporting the Constitution and a strong government, written by Federalist intellectuals like Madison, Hamilton, and Jay.

Anti-Federalists

Opposed Federalists, believed the Constitution granted too much power to federal courts, advocated for states' rights and local control.

War of 1812

Fought due to British violations of U.S. neutrality, territorial ambitions, and impressment of U.S. soldiers; resulted in U.S. gaining respect, decline of Federalist party, and growth of American industry.

Thomas Jefferson

Anti-Federalist, author of the Declaration of Independence, supported states' rights, Louisiana Purchase, and opposed Hamilton's Financial Plan.

Bill of Rights

First 10 amendments to the Constitution addressing concerns of Anti-Federalists, protecting individual liberties from governmental power.

John Adams

America's first vice president, resisted war with France, passed Alien and Sedition Acts to deport dangerous immigrants and restrict criticism of the government.

Democratic-Republicans

Led by Jefferson, opposed Hamilton's views, supported states' rights, weak central government, and agriculture.

Louisiana Purchase

Acquisition of territory from France, led to Lewis and Clark Expedition to explore the new land.

Democrats

Represented by Catholic immigrants, traditional protestants, and poorer whites from the South, they advocated for limited government, defended individual rights, supported state's rights, and opposed moral ideas like abolishing slavery.

Andrew Jackson

Known for expanding presidential power, encouraging limited government, destroying the American System, focusing on Native American removal, and enforcing officeholder rotation to reward allies.

Nullification Crisis

A conflict over states' rights and federal power, particularly regarding tariffs, where South Carolina threatened to nullify federal laws.

Whigs

Formed in opposition to Jackson's policies, they supported a strong central government, industrial workers, internal improvements, and equal opportunity.

Henry Clay

A key figure in American politics, known as the "Great Pacificator," who proposed the American System and played a role in the Missouri Compromise and Compromise of 1850.

American System

A plan for economic self-sufficiency involving protective tariffs, a national bank, and federally funded internal improvements.

National Bank

Proposed to promote a secure US currency, stimulate business, and support economic growth, but faced opposition from Andrew Jackson.

Internal Improvements

Vital for economic and cultural nationalism, these projects aimed to promote growth in the East, West, and South through roads and canals.

Market Revolution

An economic boom driven by banking and transportation systems, leading to increased exchange of goods and services in market transactions.

Second Great Awakening

A religious revival emphasizing individualism, social reform, and diverse religious sects, influencing movements like abolitionism and women's rights.

Abolitionists

Advocates for the abolition of slavery, utilizing steam-powered presses and influential figures like William Lloyd Garrison.

Steam Engines

Revolutionized the Industrial Revolution by providing reliable power and enabling factories to be located anywhere.

Interchangeable Parts

Machines that made parts for other machines, enhancing mass production and the growth of the American industry.

Telegraph

Invented by Samuel F.B. Morse and Alfred Vail, it revolutionized communication by transmitting signals through wire and unifying the U.S.

Roads, Canals, and Railroads

Transportation advancements that facilitated migration, trade, and population movement westward in the U.S.

Louisiana Purchase

Doubled the size of the U.S., removed European threats, expanded the western frontier beyond Mississippi, and aimed for an agrarian society.

Indian Removal

Policy to protect natives from exploitation, led to Trail of Tears, created territory in Kansas and Oklahoma for natives from the Louisiana Purchase.

Monroe Doctrine

U.S. policy to prevent European colonization in the Americas, with support from Britain to deter European aggression.

Missouri Compromise

Allowed Missouri as a slave state, Maine as free, and set a border for free territories north of the line, leading to the path for the Civil War.

Manifest Destiny

Desire for U.S. expansion to the Pacific Ocean, belief in white supremacy, and the duty to educate others about republicanism and Protestantism.

Mexican-American War

Conflict over territorial claims, influenced by Manifest Destiny, ended with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and the Mexican Cession.

Civil War

Conflict between Union and Confederate States over slavery, won by the North due to industrial power and a larger army.

Nativism

Anti-immigrant sentiment, No-Nothing Party, focused on denying immigrants rights and citizenship.

Emancipation Proclamation

Informal declaration to abolish slavery in rebellious states, aimed to weaken the Confederacy.

Reconstruction

Post-Civil War period with three phases:presidential, radical, and redemption, aimed at social and political reform.

Redemption Phase

Refers to the period post-Civil War Reconstruction marked by setbacks like the rise of the KKK, Black Codes, Panic of 1873, and the shift of the Republican Party to classical liberalism.

Radical and Moderate Republicans

Contrasts the approaches of Radical Republicans like Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens, who pushed for African American rights during Reconstruction, with Moderate Republicans like Lincoln and Johnson who were less focused on punishing the South.

Sharecropping

Agricultural system where former slaves rented land from white owners, paying with a share of their crops or money, perpetuating financial struggles for black farmers.

Segregation

Systematic separation based on race, seen in the South post-Reconstruction despite efforts for equality, leading to discriminatory practices and laws like Jim Crow.

Underground Railroad

Network aiding runaway slaves to escape the South, providing shelter and job opportunities in free states, showcasing cooperation between African Americans and whites in the abolitionist movement.

Trusts

Small groups managing combined firms as a single entity, criticized by progressives for holding excessive power, with America's largest companies controlling a significant portion of the nation's productive capacity.

Laissez-Faire

Advocates for free market solutions without government intervention, allowing businesses to trade freely, set prices, and determine working conditions, promoting economic growth.

Child Labor

Widespread practice, especially in the ex-Confederacy, where children worked in harsh conditions for low wages, often in dangerous industries like coal mining.

National Labor Unions

Organizations advocating for better wages, hours, and working conditions, facing challenges like child labor and discrimination against African Americans, with the Knights of Labor and AFL being prominent unions.

New South

Vision of an economically enriched South post-Reconstruction, focusing on industrialization but failing to benefit African Americans and poor whites due to poor working conditions and child labor.

Populists (People’s Party)

Alliance of farmers and industrial workers advocating for reforms like public ownership of railroads, income tax on the rich, and looser monetary policy, representing a grassroots movement for economic change.

Americanization

Effort to assimilate immigrants into American society through education and social integration, aiming to build a cohesive national identity.

Consumer Culture

Emergence of a culture focused on consumption, driven by increased availability of goods, transportation advancements, and the development of department stores.

Political Machines

Highly organized groups controlling political parties and urban areas, providing services and jobs to immigrants in exchange for votes, influencing city development and administration.

Transcontinental Railroad

First railroad connecting the East and West coasts, facilitating trade, tourism, and settlement in the West, transforming American capitalism and economy.

American Bison

Bison played a crucial role in the lives of Plains Indians, but their near-extinction due to commercial hunting led to the decline of Native American traditional ways of life.

Assimilation

Policy aiming to erase Native American culture and traditions, forcing assimilation into white American society through boarding schools and land policies.

Gilded Age

Term describing the industrial growth and centralization of wealth in the U.S. post-Civil War, marked by industrial and agricultural expansion.

Social Darwinism

Belief that success is based on natural selection, used to justify the concentration of wealth and power among industrialists during the Gilded Age.

Gospel of Wealth

Idea promoted by Andrew Carnegie advocating for the wealthy to use their riches for philanthropy, softening the harshness of Social Darwinism.

Agrarians

Transition from an agrarian society to urbanization due to industrialization, leading to shifts in population and economic structures.

Utopians

Groups attempting social experiments to improve life amidst industrialization, focusing on equality and cooperation, though often facing limited success.

Socialists

Political ideology advocating for social and economic equality through communal ownership of production means, linked to communism and challenging capitalist structures.

Social Gospel

A movement aiming to renew religious faith through dedication to justice and social welfare, encouraging people to live like Jesus Christ by spreading love, helping others, and promoting forgiveness.

Hull House

A social settlement founded by Jane Addams to address poverty issues, provide advocacy, and improve the community through political reforms and various services like day care, classes, and health initiatives.

The Jungle

A novel by Upton Sinclair exposing labor exploitation in meatpacking plants, leading to the Pure Food and Drug Act and the creation of the Food and Drug Administration to regulate food conditions.

Plessy v

A Supreme Court case endorsing racial segregation under the "separate but equal" doctrine, later challenged by Thurgood Marshall and other lawyers in the Civil Rights movement.

Monopolies

Large businesses controlling all aspects of production, leading to reduced costs, increased productivity, and the formation of monopolies like those created by Gustavus Swift and John D. Rockefeller.

Progressives

Advocates for political and economic reforms, promoting morality, economic reform, efficiency, and social welfare, aiming to increase democracy and address social issues like women's suffrage and economic inequality.

Automobile Assembly Line

Introduced by Henry Ford to mass-produce cars quickly, making them more affordable and revolutionizing consumer culture by expanding the availability of cars and other goods.

Great Depression

A period of economic downturn characterized by an uneven income distribution, stock market speculation, overproduction, underconsumption, and government policies that worsened global economic problems.

Prohibition

The ban on alcohol sales through the Eighteenth Amendment and the Volstead Act, supported by organizations like the Women’s Christian Temperance Union, aiming to eliminate immoral practices and improve living standards.

Women's Suffrage

The fight for women's right to vote, led by organizations like the NAWSA, resulting in the ratification of the 19th Amendment and the subsequent pursuit of other rights and social-welfare programs.

Marcus Garvey

Jamaican immigrant who led the Universal Negro Improvement Association, advocating for African American pride and promoting the Black Star steamship company for African American relocation to Africa.

Red Scare

Post-WWI fear of communism in the U.S., leading to Palmer Raids, Loyalty-Security Program, and discrimination against LGBTQ+ community.

Modernism

Embracing new ideas and social trends, challenging traditional values in the 1920s American society.

Quotas

National Origins Act of 1924 restricted European immigration based on 1890 census, impacting tensions and immigration regulations.

Great Migration

Movement of 6 million African Americans from the rural South to urban North for better rights, jobs, and housing.

Spanish-American War

U.S. gained territories like Puerto Rico, Hawaii, and Guam, becoming a world power after supporting anti-Spanish groups.

The Teller Amendment

U.S. disclaimed control over Cuba but imposed the Platt Amendment, influencing Cuban affairs and gaining access to Guantánamo Bay.

The Roosevelt Corollary

Granted the U.S. power to oversee the Caribbean region.

Woodrow Wilson

28th U.S. President advocating for democracy, peace, antitrust laws, Federal Reserve System, and League of Nations.

World War I

U.S. navy's role in blockading Germany, leading to American entry due to unrestricted submarine warfare and alliance fears.

League of Nations

Wilson's proposal for peace and progress through open diplomacy, arms reduction, and national self-determination, aiming to prevent wars.

Treaty of Versailles

Post-WWI treaty marginalizing Germany and Russia, leading to economic depression and anger, setting the stage for WWII.