Teas Cardiovascular System

Muscular Organ that pumps blood through the body

Heart

How many chambers are in the heart?

4 chambers

what are the chambers of the heart in order of which receives blood firth?

Right Atrium, Right Ventricle, Left Atrium, Left Ventricle

What separates the left and right parts of the heart?

Septum

Oxygenated Blood away from the heart

- A is for Away from the Heart

Arteries

Deoxygenated blood back to the heart

Veins

Connect Arteries and Veins

- Site of gas exchange

Capillaries

Carries Oxygen and nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide and waste away from cells

Blood

What are the three types of Blood vessels?

Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries

The contraction of the heart

- Peak pressure in the arteries when the heart contracts

- Makes up the "lub" sound of the heart

- Usually the 120 in 120/80

- If this number is too high, it usually indicates hypertension

Systole

Relaxation of the heart

- Represents the lowest pressure in the arteries

- Measures Resistance to blood flow in the arteries

- Makes up the "dub" sound of the heart

- Usually the 80 in 120/80

- Numbers higher than 80 can indicate that the arteries are narrow or too stiff

Diastole

What happens to blood in systole?

Blood is being pumped out of the heart and into the arteries

What is the actual cause of the "lub" sound?

Mitral and Tricuspid valves close

What happens to blood in diastole?

Blood flows into the heart and fills the chambers

What causes the "dub" sound?

Semilunar (aortic, pulmonic) Valves close

Located in the upper right Atrium

Sinoatrial Node

Cause atria to contract which pushes blood into the ventricles

- Primary Pace Maker

Sinoatrial Node Function

located at the junction of the atria and ventricles

atrioventricular node

Acts as a secondary pacemaker if the SA node fails, generating a slower rhythm (40-60 beats per minute).

- Momentarily pauses the SA node to allow the right atrium to fully thoroughly contract

atrioventricular node function

Originates from the atrioventricular (AV) node and travels through the interventricular septum.

- Splits into Left and Right Bundle Branch

Bundle of His

Serves as the pathway that connects the atria and ventricles electrically.

Bundle of His Function

The Bundle of His splits into the left and right bundle branches that run along the interventricular septum.

Left and Right Bundle Branch

The Bundle of His splits into the left and right bundle branches that run along the interventricular septum.

Left and Right Bundle Branches

Spread throughout the ventricular walls, branching from the bundle branches.

Purkinje Fibers

Transmit impulses rapidly to the ventricular muscle cells, triggering a strong and coordinated contraction.

- Essential for pushing blood efficiently into the pulmonary artery and aorta.

- Initiates depolarization in the muscle cell triggering the contraction in the cardiovascular muscle

Purkinje Fibers Function

What are the BPM of the average heart set by the sinoatrial node

60 - 100 BPM

What is the BPM of the average hear set by the AV node?

40-60 BPM

What is the BPM of the average heart set by the Purkinje Fibers

20-40 BPM

Why is the cardiovascular system considered close?

Blood stays within vessels and the respective organs as it circulates through the body

What are all the structures associated with the passageway of deoxygenated blood

Veins, Superior and Inferior Vena Cava, Right Atrium, Tricuspid valve, Right Ventricle, Pulmonary Valve, Pulmonary Arteries, Lung

What are all the structures associated with the passageway of oxygenated blood

Lungs, Pulmonary Veins, Left Atrium, Mitral Valve, Left Ventricle, Aortic Valve, Aorta, Arteries, Capillaries

Function 1 of the cardiovascular system

Delivers oxygen and nutrients to the cells of the body and removes carbon dioxide and waste

Function 2 of the cardiovascular system

Maintains body's blood pressure

Function 3 of the cardiovascular System

Regulates body temperatures

Function 4 of the cardiovascular system

Maintaining the body's pH

Function 5-8 of the cardiovascular system

Transporting hormones, fighting infection, aiding in digestion, assisting in repair of damaged tissues

What is the relation of heat to blood vessel constriction?

conserving heat

What is the relation of heat to blood vessel dilation?

Expending Heat

-the liquid portion of blood

contains

- water

- proteins

- salts, nutrients

- lipids

- hormones

- vitamins

Plasma

red blood cells, carry oxygen

Erythrocytes

white blood cells, fight infection

Leukocytes

blood clotting

Platelets

Protein in red-blood cells that holds oxygen and carries it from lungs to parts of the body

- also transports some CO2 back to the lungs for removal

Hemoglobin

What is the only pair of veins and arteries that have the reverse role of what they normally do?

Pulmonary Veins and Arteries

What part of the heart holds deoxygenated blood?

Right Side

What part of the heart holds oxygenated blood

Left Side

Do the Atriums or Ventricles have thicker walls?

Atriums

What Vena Cava carries deoxygenated blood from the lower body back to the lungs?

- Legs

- Back

- Abdomen

- Pelvis

Inferior Vena Cava

What Vena Cava carries deoxygenated blood from the upper body back to the lungs?

- Head

- Neck

- Limbs

- Upper Torso

Superior Vena Cava

How does the heart get its own oxygen?

Coronary Arteries which branch from the aorta

How does the heart's own deoxygenated blood make its way back into the right atrium?

Coronary veins

Congenital heart defect where there is an abnormal heart defect where there is an abnormal opening in the interatrial septum.

- Blood flows between the two atria

Atrial Septal Defect

A congenital defect characterized by one or more holes in the interventricular septum.

- allowing blood to mix between the ventricles

Ventricular Septal Defect

What is the mnemonic to remember the order of contingency for the heart's pace maker?

Strong Arteries Benefits Body's Performance

The baseline of the ECG

Isoelectric Line

atrial depolarization (atrial contraction)

P Wave

ventricular depolarization

- Range from 0.06 to 0.12 seconds

QRS complex

Ventricular Depolarization (Ventricular Relaxation)

T wave

when does atrial repolarization occur?

During the QRS complex

Why is the cardiovascular system considered to be closed?

blood remains enclosed within the heart and blood vessels at all times

Blockage in the coronary arteries (which supply the heart muscle) that cuts off oxygen, causing heart tissue to die

- Chest pain, shortness of breath, arm/jaw pain, and nausea

- Usually caused to plague buildup or a blood clot

Heart Attack or Myocardial Infarction

A sudden interruption of blood flow to the brain, causing brain cells to die

- Ischemic and Hemorrhagic

- Face Drooping, arm weakness, slurred speech.

- High Blood Pressure, atherosclerosis, and arrhythmias

Stroke

Caused by a blood clot blocking a brain artery

Ischemic stroke

Caused by a burst blood vessel

Hemorrhagic Stroke

Bulge or weakening in the wall of an artery. If it bursts, can cause severe internal bleeding

- Usually in the Brain, Aorta, or abdomen

- Caused by High Blood Pressure, Trauma, and Genetic Factors

- Usually goes unnoticed

aneursym

Hardening and narrowing of arteries due to plaque build up

- Causes reduced blood flow, increasing the risk of heart attacks and strokes

- Caused by poor diet, lack of exercise, smoking, and high cholesterol

Atherosclerosis

Irregular Heartbeat - can be too fast (tachycardia, or too slow (bradycardia) or uneven

- Caused by Heart Disease, electrolyte imbalance, and stress

- Causes Palpitation, dizziness, and fainting

Arrhythmia

Consistently high blood pressure in the arteries forcing the heart to work harder

- Can damage arteries, lead to heart attack, stroke, or kidney problems

Hypertension

enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin during coagulation

Thrombin

If the medulla oblongata is damaged, which of the following functions would be most affected?

A) Memory recall

B) Regulation of heart rate and breathing

C) Fine motor control

D) Speech processing

B) Regulation of heart rate and breathing

Which hormone is responsible for increasing blood pressure through vasoconstriction?

A) Insulin

B) Angiotensin II

C) Oxytocin

D) Calcitonin

B) Angiotensin II

Which organ releases renin to activate angiotensin II?

A) Liver

B) Pancreas

C) Kidney

D) Lung

C) Kidney

An occurrence of too high of a concentration of which of the following electrolytes is associated with cardiac arrhythmias?

A) Chloride

B) Phosphorus

C) Potassium

D) Sodium

C) Potassium