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Datu Salangsang,

The Kagay-anons are the indigenous people of the Cagayan de Oro. One of the powerful chiefs of the Kagay-anons was

Rivalry of Colonies

Colonies provided raw materials and served as a ready market for European nations.

Spain and Portugal

introduced Christianity

Changing International Trade

Europe, the Americas, and Africa exchanged goods. Slavery was also observed during these times.

Periodization

is the process of categorizing the past in a discrete, quantified division of time to attain systematic and organized facilitation of study and analysis of events.

Plate Tectonic

is simply the movement of the seven (7) major plates of the world.

Historiography

The writing of history is called

Historical Method

is the process of critically examining and analyzing the record and survivals of the past.

historiography

The imaginative reconstruction of the past from the data derived by that process is called

Primary Source

is defined as “an original document that contains firsthand information about a topic or an event.

Secondary Source

is defined as “an original document that contains firsthand information about a topic or an event.

Tertiary Source

is defined as “an original document that contains firsthand information about a topic or an event.

Scientific Method

is an orderly and careful process of finding answers to questions and of discovering relationships of cause and effect on observable reality.

historical methodology

is the process by which evidence are gathered and ideas about the past are formulated.

Source criticism

is the process of evaluating the reliability of an information source.

External criticsm

refers to the process of determining if a source is authentic by checking its validity

Internal criticism

checks “the reliability of an authenticated source after it has been subjected to external criticism.”

cartography

is the study and practice of making maps.

Map projection

the means of flattening a spherical globe into a plane in order to make a map, is perhaps most significant element in

Map projection

can be easily defined as abovementioned however, in detail, it is actually a systematic transformation of the latitudes and longitudes of positions on the surface of the Earth to a flat sheet of paper, a map

Equal-area Projection

this preserves the area (the size) between the map and the model of the Earth.

Conformal Projection

these projection maintains the shape of an area with respect to the visual appearance and recognition.

Conventional Projection

this kind of projection are neither equal-area not conformal since they were designed for a specific function based on a specific application.

The Mercator Project

was created by the Flemish cartographer, Gerardus Mercator in 1569.

Mercator projection

useful for navigators as this maps has straight lines which equates to straight paths on the seas making plotting navigation paths easier for most explorers since this time it was the high time of explorations and adventures to lands outside the European continent

Atlas

Mercator later added his works on the Mercator map projection to his collection of maps which he created since he started. He named his collection

heavy distortion

The Mercator projection is widely used in classrooms and navigation due to its straight latitude and longitude positioning however the downside of this projection is the

Gall-Peters Projection

was first used by Arthur Robinson in 1986 during the American Cartographic Association conference.

The Gall – Peters projection

is primarily penned to create a flat representation of the world with respect to the size of the countries. This projection is known to illustrate “accurately” the sizes of the countries.

Gall – Peters projection

However, the downside of this map is now again heavy distortion towards the north-south poles.

Pacific plate

includes roughly the entire Pacific Ocean; approximately around 103,300,000 sq. km.

North American Plate

includes North America, Greenland and parts of Siberia; approximately 75,900,000 sq. km.

Eurasian Plate

includes most of Eurasia; approximately 67,800,000 sq. km.

African Plate

– includes Africa west of the East African Rift; approximately 61,300,000 sq. km.

Antarctic Plate

includes Antarctica and near surrounding bodies of water; approximately 60,900,000 sq. km.

Indo-Australian Plate

– a major plate formed in the fusion of Australian and Indian Plates often considered as separate plates; approximately 58,900,000 sq. km.

South American Plate

includes most of South America and huge part of South Atlantic; approximately 43, 600, 000 sq. km.

subduction.

plates. The lighter plate moves above the heavier plate, this process is called

island arcs

When the resultant eruption occurred in submerged sections of the crust over an extended period of time, it leads to the formation of

Archipelagic Doctrine

The process of determining the boundaries of the Philippines is based on the

Archipelagic Doctrine

was the result of the efforts of the Philippine Permanent Mission to the United Nations on March 1995 led by Arturo Tolentino who headed the delegation of the Philippines to the United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).

EEZ of 200 nautical miles

The Philippines has an Exclusive Economic Zone that covers 2,263,816 km2 (874,064 sq. mi). It claims an

7,641 islands

The Philippines is an archipelago consisting of

Prehistoric period

is the time before the beginning of a writing system

historic period

is the time when a system of writing started.

Geologic time-

the history of the earth’s physical structure and its accompanying processes.

Tool Technology

this type of periodization makes use of the cultural and material developments of people.

Old Stone Age (Palaeolithic Age)

people used crude stone tools and their way of life was basically nomadic, moving from one place to another hunting and gathering food.

Neolithic Age-

people were able to refine their crude stone tools; they developed agriculture, hence they became food producers instead of just being food gatherers. With available food supply, they begun living in settlements and learned to domesticate animals.

Metal Age-

in this time, people discovered the use of metals and made them into tools that proved to be more efficient than stones; the basic divisions of this age include: Copper Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age.

Ancient Period

refers to the time when the early civilizations in the world were established;

Medieval Period

(also known as the Middle Ages)- pertains to AD (or CE) 500-1500;

Modern Age

ushered in by the period of Renaissance;

Post-modern

period after the Modern Age mostly distinguished through its economic and cultural conditions and innovations.

Core Population/ Evolution theory

F. Landa Jocano argued that the people in the Philippines were end results of the evolution process and the movement of people.

“Out-of- Taiwan” Austronesian theory

Peter Bellwood formalized the theory of Austronesian origins of the peopling process in the Philippines. He argued that the Austronesians crossed the strait separating China (via boat) from Taiwan and they reached Luzon through Batanes Islands spreading towards Borneo, Celebes and the Pacific Ocean

“Island Origin” Nusantao theory

provides a clearer model in the interpretation of an inter-island communication and influences in the area of the Pacific region. He argued that natives of Southeast Asia including the Philippines are descendants of the Nusantao who were known as maritime-oriented people

Peopling of the Philippines based on MtDNA

an archaeological find of an 8,000 year old man, believed to be an ancestor of the Austronesians was found in Liangdao Island in Taiwan. Laboratory analysis of the mitochondrial DNA (MtDNA) of this Liangdao Man revealed that he had pure source of the E Haplotype, a characteristic found among the Austronesians. This theory is related to Bellwood’s idea that Austronesians came from Taiwan and eventually navigated their way to the Philippines.

barangay

was the unit of government and consisted of 30 to 100 families.

chieftain

the leader of the barangay was called ____ and he held vast powers: executive, legislative and judiciary.

umalohokan

lawmaking. If a law was made by the chieftain, the town cryer called _____, will announce the approved law to the community.

the kaingin and tillage.

According to Agoncillo (1990), cultivation during the precolonial Philippines was done in two ways:

Manunggul Jar.

It is a burial jar, a container for bones of the dead, found in Manunggul Cave, Palawan on March 1964. The manunggul jar is important for a number of reasons as this jar dated back to the late Neolithic Period (around 710 BC).

Animism.

The manunggul jar is among the material evidences that would prove that native Filipinos believed in life after death and the immortality of soul. They practiced

babaylan, baylan or katalona,

Offering and prayers for the gods, goddesses and spirits were to be made by shamans or spirit mediums called

baybayin

Native Filipinos also possessed a system of writing called

Ethnolinguistic group

is defined as a group of people that have a common language, ethnicity, and cultural heritage.

Ivatans

The first ethnolinguistic group that we will look into are the

Romblon

is a unique province located at the center of Philippine archipelago.

“ikat”

Bantoanon is one of the three existing ethnolinguistic groups in the province of Romblon. The ancient burial cloth known as

Capiz province

was primarily known for its seafood products. This is also the hometown of former president Manuel Acuña Roxas, a prominent politician and stateman. Aside from this, Capiz is known for various festivities such as Capiztahan Festival.

Chavacano

is a Spanish-based creole language spoken in Cavite and other parts of Mindanao such as Zamboanga, Davao, and Cotabato. This language is a combination of Spanish and other local languages or dialects such as Tagalog (Ermitaño, Caviteño, Ternateño) and Bisaya.

T’boli tribe

was known for its traditional weaving process known as t’nalak. This cloth was considered as sacred

The Butuan ivory stamp seal

was found in Libertad, Butuan, Agusan Del Norte in the 1970s. This was made from a rhinoceros’ ivory tusk and dated around 1000 A.D.

The ivory seal

is said to indicate the place of origin or transaction during trading.

Golden Mask

was found in San Antonio, Oton, Iloilo in the 1970s by anthropologists Alfredo Evangelista and F. Landa Jocano.

The Banton burial cloth,

used to wrap the dead, is said to be the oldest cloth in the country and may be considered as the oldest warp ikat textile in Southeast Asia, having been dated around the 13th to 14th centuries.

The Exchange of Goods and Ideas

There was movement of living things between hemispheres

Capitalism

– an economic system based on private ownership of resources

Mercantilism

nations’ power depended on its wealth

Market Economy

an economic system which holds that the economy should be free from government intervention

1\.God/ Crusades

Religious motivations can be traced back to the Crusades, the series of religious wars between the 11th and 15th centuries during which European Christians sought to claim Jerusalem as an exclusively Christian space.

The lure of gold: finding new routes to trade Eastern goods

During the crusades, the Europeans experienced the feel of silk, the taste of spices, and the utility of porcelain.

A thirst for glory: European competition for global dominance

The beginning of the Age of Exploration was the rise of absolute monarchies in Europe who had centralized authority and wealth. Each of the European countries used their vast wealth to fund the expeditions of many explorers.

Prince Henry,

Portugal was the first to send expeditions to the East. One of the most famous Portuguese navigators was

Bartholomew Diaz

reached the tip of South Africa,

Vasco da Gama

Gama rounded the southern tip of Africa

Gold

in the sense that they wanted to find trading routes and untapped natural resources;

Glory

in the sense that there was competition between European nations to see who could set up the most colonies.

THE REVOLT OF LAKANDULA AND SULAYMAN (1574)

Gov. Guido de Lavezares’ reversal of Legazpi’s policy of exempting Lakandula and his descendants from the tribute and forced labor.

THE FIRST PAMPANGA REVOLT

They planned to secretly enter the city and massacre the Spaniards but a native woman who was married to a Spanish soldier revealed the plan and warned the Spanish authorities.

THE MAHARLIKA’S CONSPIRACY (1587-1588)

this revolt was aborted because the conspiracy was learned by the Spanish authorities from the two Filipino informers named Antonio Susabau and Amarlahagi. The leaders were severely punished by the authorities.

THE MAGALAT REVOLT

the moment Magalat was released, he went back to Cagayan and encouraged the people to continue the uprising. The revolt was cut short when the Spanish authorities hired a native assassin and murdered Magalat in his own house.

THE REVOLT OF THE IGOROTS (1601)

The determination of the Spanish friars to spread and convert the Igorots to Christianity led to strong resistance from the natives. They refused to abandon their pagan gods.

THE GADDANG REVOLT (1621)

the help of Father Santo Tomas, he persuaded the natives to surrender peacefully and promised them that the government would pardon them and take actions to their grievances. The Gaddangs laid down their arms which ended the revolt without a fight.

TAMBLOT REVOLT (1621-1622)

He persuaded his people to return to their religion and worship their gods and promised the people a life of prosperity. Tamblot and his men burned churches and fought Spanish authorities.

THE BANKAW REVOLT (1622)

He had been converted to Christianity and loyal to the Spanish crown. With the help of his son and a babaylan named Pagali, he led the people of Leyte to fight the Spanish authorities in defense of their old religion.

THE LADIA REVOLT

The people in Malolos believed in him and joined the revolt. He even declared himself “King of the Tagalogs”. Ladia was later arrested and executed.

THE SUMOROY REVOLT (1649-1650)

Juan Sumoroy led the revolt in defiance to the order of the Governor-General Fajardo for the men in Visayas to work in the Cavite shipyards.