Cardiovascular Measurements

Chapter 9

What makes the “lub” heart sound (S1)?

Tricuspid and Bicuspid valves closing (Beginning of systole)

What makes the “dub” heart sound (S2)?

Aortic and pulmonary valves closing

(End of systole/ Beginning of diastole)

Heart rate is the same as what?

Heart Rate = Pulse Rate

What is it called when the blood vessel wall isn’t obstructed so blood can flow naturally?

Laminar Flow

What is it called when the blood vessel wall is obstructed so blood can’t flow naturally?

Turbulent Flow

How do you calculate pulse pressure?

Systolic blood pressure - diastolic blood pressure

(SBP - DBP)

What is the pressure unit for pulse pressure

mmHg

How do you calculate the Mean Blood Pressure (MBP)?

⅔DBP + ⅓ SBP or DBP + ⅓ PP

What is Stroke volume?

Volume of blood ejected by 1 ventricle per beat

How do you calculate Stroke Volume?

Pulse pressure x 2 (PP x 2)

What is the pressure unit for pulse pressure?

mL/beat

What is cardiac output?

Volume of blood ejected by 1 ventricle per minute

What is the pressure unit for cardiac output?

mL/min or L/min

How do you calculate Cardiac Output?

Stroke Volume x Heart Rate (SV x HR)

What causes the sounds heard during blood pressure measurement?

Blood flows back through the artery it is turbulent causing the sound of a pulse or systolic blood pressure

How do you calculate the % of change for Heart Rate?

How do you calculate the % of change for Stroke Volume?

How do you calculate the % of change for Cardiac Output?

Michelle walked 5 kilometers. Prior to walking she had the following:

• Pulse rate = 12 pulses / 15 seconds
  Systolic BP = 89 mmHg
  Diastolic BP = 70 mmHg

At the end of the walk she had the following:

• Pulse rate = 21 pulses / 10 seconds
  Mean BP = 91 mmHg

• Diastolic BP = 82 mmHg

Calculate Michelle’s percent change in Cardiac Output

273% increase (for liters)

Given the following:

• Cardiac Output = 8.1L/min

• Pulse rate = 71 pulses / 30 seconds

• Diastolic BP = 89 mmHg

Calculate:

• HR

• SV

• PP

• SBP

• MBP

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• HR - 142 bpm

• SV - 57 mmHg

• PP - 28.5 mmHg

• SBP - 117.5

• MBP - 98.5

Use the following information to calculate the cardiac output:

pulse = 18 beats every 15 seconds
blood pressure is 125/9

Using the data from question 1, calculate the mean blood pressure.

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Using the data from question 1, calculate the mean blood pressure.

Data from question 1

DBP = 90

PP = 35

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At rest, Jane’s pulse is 73 beats per minute and her blood pressure is 130/80.

During Jane’s aerobic exercise routine, her heart rate is 160 beats per minute and her blood pressure is 190/100.

• Calculate Jane’s cardiac output at rest and during exercise

• Calculate the % increase in CO that results from exercise.

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Calculate the cardiac output using the following information:

pulse = 60 beats per minute

mean blood pressure = 90 mm Hg

diastolic blood pressure = 80 mm Hg

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Calculate the mean blood pressure using the following information:

stroke volume = 70 ml per beat

systolic blood pressure = 115 mm Hg

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Joe’s resting cardiac output is 4.3 L/min. During exercise, his cardiac output increases by 350%.

What is Joe’s cardiac output during exercise?

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If VIcki has a blood pressure reading of 130mmHg/80mmHg and a heart rate of 70bpm, calculate her cardiac output.

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7000mL/min or 7L/min

If Bob’s strove volume is 102mL/beat and his systolic BP os 150 mmHg, calculate his mean blood pressure.

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MBP = 116mmHg

Suppose Tom’s cardiac output is 6.8L/min, his heart rate is 100bpm, and his systolic BP is 138mmHg. Calculate his diastolic BP.

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What causes the sounds heard during a blood pressure measurement?

Turbulent blood within the semi-occluded brachial artery

What mechanical events within the heart create the first and second heart sound?

The shutting of the AV valves and semilunar valves respectively

Provide reason why an increase in cardiac output is necessary during exercise?

• To increase the flow of oxygen and nutrients to working skeletal muscles.

• To increase the removal or carbon dioxide and wastes from skeletal muscles

• To increase transport of heat to capillaries, so that it may radiate away

During exercise, the increase in skeletal muscle activity causes an increase in the return of blood to the right atrium. How and why does this affect stroke volume?

It increases SV by increasing preload. As the ventricle is stretched (up to a point), the overlap between actin and myosin becomes closer to optimum and more contracile force is generated.