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What is everything in the Universe made up of?
matter
What makes up movement in the Universe?
energy
What is energy?
capacity or power to do work
What forms can energy exist in?
potential
thermal
chemical
nuclear
What does the atomic model help us understand?
structure/interactions/properties of matter
Name this atom
Lithium Atom
What is an element?
pure substance
atoms are all same
What is the fundamental difference between elements?
structure of elements
number of protons, neutrons, and electrons
Label the following
Atomic Number
Element Symbol
Element Name
Atomic Weight
List properties of metals
solids at room temp. (except mercury)
conductors of heat and electricity
generally have a high density
lustrous
ductile
malleable
List properties of non-metals
solids/gases at room temperature (except bromine)
not conductors
generally have a low density
dull (not lustrous)
brittle (crumble/break when bent)
List properties of semi-metals
solid at room temp
semi conductor
usually lustrous
usually ductile/malleable (except silicon)
Compare metals and non-metals
metals: dense, lustrous, ductile, malleable
non-metals: dull, brittle, low density
metals: conductors of heat and electricity
non-metals: not conductors
Determine whether the following elements are metals, non-metals, or semi-metals
Lithium (Li)
Phosphorus (P)
Argon (Ar)
Silicon (S)
Scandium (Sc)
Hydrogen (H)
Lithium (Li) (Metal)
Phosphorus (P) (Non-metal)
Argon (Ar) (Non-metal)
Silicon (S) (Semi-metal)
Scandium (Sc) (Metal)
Hydrogen (H) (Non-metal)
List an example for a monatomic substance, diatomic substance, polyatomic substance, and lattice.
Monatomic - Helium
Diatomic - Oxygen
Polyatomic - Sulfur
Lattice - Graphite
Compare monatomic, diatomic, and polyatomic atom arrangements,
monatomic atom arrangement: only one atom in element
diatomic: two atoms in one molecule of element.
polyatomic: more than two atoms in one molecule of element
What is a compound?
type of matter composed of different elements
chemically bonded in fixed ratios.
Explain the differences between the elements that make up compounds and the compounds themselves.
In H2O, Hydrogen gas and Oxygen gas chemically bond to form H2O molecules, which forms liquid water. The elements that make up water have different properties compared to water.
Define an ion
charged atom or molecule
uneven protons:electrons
How are cations formed?
after the atom loses electrons
How are anions formed?
after atom gains electrons
How are ionic compounds formed?
positively/negatively charged ions attracted to each other
Name three cations and anions
Cations: Lithium, Calcium, Magnesium
Anions: Fluorine, Chlorine, Oxygen
What is a pure substance?
chemical composed of one type of atom/molecule/ion (can have more than one particle)
chemically bonded to each other.
What is a mixture?
impure substance
particles/substances physically mixed together
not chemically bonded
retain their own chemical properties
Describe a heterogeneous mixture, with an example.
molecules not mixed in even distribution
not the same throughout
example: muddy water.
Describe a homogeneous mixture, with an example.
molecules mixed in even distribution
the same throughout
example: salt water
How is milk homogenised?
large globules of fat form layer of cream
broken down into smaller particles
so tiny they stay suspended in milk
What is miscibility?
ability for two liquid substances to be mixed together
What is immiscibility?
liquid substances don’t mix
form immiscible layers based on density
example: water and oil
oil layer formed ontop of water
What are alloys?
homogeneous mixture of metals
two or more metallic elements.
Name 3 alloys and describe their composition.
Steel is made of Carbon and Iron
Nichrome is mde of Nickel and Chromium
Bronze is made of Copper and Tin.
On a particle level, what are the differences between elements, compounds, and mixtures?
elements: made up of just one type of atom
compounds and mixtures: made up of more than one type of atom
compounds: made up of two or more elements chemically bonded
mixtures: elements/compounds held together by physical bonds.
What is chemical polarity in molecules?
electron cloud of atom gains abundance of electrons in particular area
brief negative charge on that end, and brief positive charge on opposing end
What is a solute and solvent in a solution?
solute: dissolving solid
liquid in which solute dissolves is solvent.
How does dissolving occur in polar and non polar solutes and solvent?
polar solutes only dissolve in polar solvents
non polar solutes only dissolve in non polar solvents.
stronger attraction between solute + solvent = more soluble
polar solute is more attracted to polar solvent as the positive and negative poles are attracted to each other
a polar solvent/solute has partial negative/positive charges, while a non polar solvent/solute is neutral throughout.
polar solvents have bonds between atoms with very different charges, while non-polar solvents have bonds between neutral atoms.
Name an example of dissolving being a physical change.
sucrose dissolving
Name an example of dissolving being a chemical change.
salt dissolving
What are the differences between physical and chemical change?
physical change: no new bonds are formed/broken
chemical change: new bonds are formed/broken
physical changes: easily reversed
chemical changes: not easily reversed.
Every chemical goes through varying chemical changes based on their different chemical identities.
What are some characteristics that indicate a chemical change has occurred?
Change in colour
Temperature change
Gas is given off
Light is produced
A new solid is formed (precipitation
How do chemical changes relate to chemical reactions?
chemical change occurs as a result of chemical reaction
chemical reaction occurs → composition of chemicals change
chemical bonds can be broken or formed
result of a chemical reaction is a chemical change
new chemical substance forming occurs after chemical bonds are broken/formed.
What is a reactant and product?
reactants*: are the chemicals that are present before the chemical reaction has occurred*
react together to form the product*: result of the chemical reaction.*
How do chemical equations represent a chemical reaction?
chemical equation shorter/more efficient way of representing a chemical reaction
easily understand which and how many chemicals are reacting to produce a new substance
chemical equation shows same things as chemical reaction reactant(s) and product(s)
in a simple equation format.
Write word equations to represent the following chemical reactions:
Iron reacts with oxygen to produce iron oxide
Magnesium reactions with oxygen to produce magnesium oxide
Zinc reacts with chlorine to produce zinc chloride
Photosynthesis reaction
Respiration reaction
Iron reacts with oxygen to produce iron oxide
Iron + Oxygen → Iron oxide
Magnesium reactions with oxygen to produce magnesium oxide
Magnesium + Oxygen → Magnesium oxide
Zinc reacts with chlorine to produce zinc chloride
Zinc + Chlorine → Zinc chloride
Photosynthesis reaction
Carbon Dioxide + Water → Glucose + Oxygen
Respiration reaction
Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water
List chemical equations that describe the process of chemical weathering
CO₂ + H₂O → H₂CO₃
Carbon Dioxide + Water → Carbonic Acid
H₂CO₃ + CaCO₃ → Ca(HCO₃)₂
Carbonic Acid + Calcium Carbonate → Calcium Hydrogen Carbonate