Atoms, Compounds, Mixtures, and Chemical Change

What is everything in the Universe made up of?

*matter*

What makes up movement in the Universe?

*energy*

What is energy?

*capacity or power to do work*

What forms can energy exist in?

* *potential*
* *thermal*
* *chemical*
* *nuclear*

What does the atomic model help us understand?

*structure/interactions/properties of matter*

Name this atom

*Lithium Atom*

What is an element?

* *pure substance*
* *atoms are all same*

What is the fundamental difference between elements?

* *structure of elements*
* *number of protons, neutrons, and electrons*

Label the following

1. *Atomic Number*
2. *Element Symbol*
3. *Element Name*
4. *Atomic Weight*

List properties of metals

* *solids at room temp. (except mercury)*
* *conductors of heat and electricity*
* *generally have a high density*
* *lustrous*
* *ductile*
* *malleable*

List properties of non-metals

* *solids/gases at room temperature (except bromine)*
* *not conductors*
* *generally have a low density*
* *dull (not lustrous)*
* *brittle (crumble/break when bent)*

List properties of semi-metals

* *solid at room temp*
* *semi conductor*
* *usually lustrous*
* *usually ductile/malleable (except silicon)* 

Compare metals and non-metals

* *metals: dense, lustrous, ductile, malleable*

*non-metals: dull, brittle, low density*
* *metals: conductors of heat and electricity*

*non-metals: not conductors*

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Determine whether the following elements are metals, non-metals, or semi-metals

* Lithium (Li)
* Phosphorus (P)
* Argon (Ar)
* Silicon (S)
* Scandium (Sc)
* Hydrogen (H)

* *Lithium (Li) (Metal)*
* *Phosphorus (P) (Non-metal)*
* *Argon (Ar) (Non-metal)*
* *Silicon (S) (Semi-metal)*
* *Scandium (Sc) (Metal)*
* *Hydrogen (H) (Non-metal)*

List an example for a monatomic substance, diatomic substance, polyatomic substance, and lattice.

* *Monatomic - Helium*
* *Diatomic - Oxygen* 
* *Polyatomic - Sulfur*
* *Lattice - Graphite*

Compare monatomic, diatomic, and polyatomic atom arrangements,

* *monatomic atom arrangement: only one atom in element*
* *diatomic: two atoms in one molecule of element.*
* *polyatomic: more than two atoms in one molecule of element*

What is a compound? 

* *type of matter composed of different elements*
* *chemically bonded in fixed ratios.*

Explain the differences between the elements that make up compounds and the compounds themselves.

*In H2O, Hydrogen gas and Oxygen gas chemically bond to form H2O molecules, which forms liquid water. The elements that make up water have different properties compared to water.*

Define an ion 

* *charged atom or molecule*
* *uneven protons:electrons*

How are cations formed?

* *after the atom loses electrons*

How are anions formed?

* *after atom gains electrons*

How are ionic compounds formed?

* *positively/negatively charged ions attracted to each other*

Name three cations and anions

*Cations: Lithium, Calcium, Magnesium*

*Anions: Fluorine, Chlorine, Oxygen*

What is a pure substance?

* *chemical composed of one type of atom/molecule/ion (can have more than one particle)*
* *chemically bonded to each other.*

What is a mixture?

* *impure substance*
* *particles/substances physically mixed together*
* *not chemically bonded*
* *retain their own chemical properties*

Describe a heterogeneous mixture, with an example.

* *molecules not mixed in even distribution*
* *not the same throughout*
* *example: muddy water.*

Describe a homogeneous mixture, with an example.

* *molecules mixed in even distribution*
* *the same throughout*
* *example: salt water*

How is milk homogenised?

* *large globules of fat form layer of cream*
* *broken down into smaller particles*
* *so tiny they stay suspended in milk*

What is miscibility?

* *ability for two liquid substances to be mixed together*

What is immiscibility?

* *liquid substances don’t mix*
* *form immiscible layers based on density*
* *example: water and oil*
* *oil layer formed ontop of water*

What are alloys?

* *homogeneous mixture of metals*
* *two or more metallic elements.*

Name 3 alloys and describe their composition.

*Steel is made of Carbon and Iron*

*Nichrome is mde of Nickel and Chromium*

*Bronze is made of Copper and Tin.*

On a particle level, what are the differences between elements, compounds, and mixtures?

* *elements: made up of just one type of atom*

*compounds and mixtures: made up of more than one type of atom*
* *compounds: made up of two or more elements chemically bonded*

*mixtures: elements/compounds held together by physical bonds.*

What is chemical polarity in molecules?

* *electron cloud of atom gains abundance of electrons in particular area*
* *brief negative charge on that end, and brief positive charge on opposing end*

What is a solute and solvent in a solution?

* *solute: dissolving solid*
* *liquid in which solute dissolves is solvent.*

How does dissolving occur in polar and non polar solutes and solvent?

* *polar solutes only dissolve in polar solvents*

*non polar solutes only dissolve in non polar solvents.*
* *stronger attraction between solute + solvent = more soluble*
* *polar solute is more attracted to polar solvent as the positive and negative poles are attracted to each other*

*a polar solvent/solute has partial negative/positive charges, while a non polar solvent/solute is neutral throughout.*

*polar solvents have bonds between atoms with very different charges, while non-polar solvents have bonds between neutral atoms.*

Name an example of dissolving being a physical change.

* *sucrose dissolving*

Name an example of dissolving being a chemical change.

* *salt dissolving*

* What are the differences between physical and chemical change?

* *physical change: no new bonds are formed/broken*

*chemical change: new bonds are formed/broken*
* *physical changes: easily reversed*

*chemical changes: not easily reversed.*

***Every chemical goes through varying chemical changes based on their different chemical identities.***

* What are some characteristics that indicate a chemical change has occurred?

* *Change in colour*
* *Temperature change*
* *Gas is given off*
* *Light is produced*
* *A new solid is formed (precipitation*

How do chemical changes relate to chemical reactions?

* *chemical change occurs as a result of chemical reaction*
* *chemical reaction occurs → composition of chemicals change*
* *chemical bonds can be broken or formed*
* *result of a chemical reaction is a chemical change*
* *new chemical substance forming occurs after chemical bonds are broken/formed.*

What is a reactant and product?

* ***reactants****: are the chemicals that are present before the chemical reaction has occurred*
* *react together to form the* ***product****: result of the chemical reaction.*

How do chemical equations represent a chemical reaction?

* *chemical equation shorter/more efficient way of representing a chemical reaction*
* *easily understand which and how many chemicals are reacting to produce a new substance*
* *chemical equation shows same things as chemical reaction reactant(s) and product(s)*
* *in a simple equation format.*

Write word equations to represent the following chemical reactions:

* Iron reacts with oxygen to produce iron oxide


* Magnesium reactions with oxygen to produce magnesium oxide


* Zinc reacts with chlorine to produce zinc chloride


* Photosynthesis reaction


* Respiration reaction

* ***Iron reacts with oxygen to produce iron oxide***

*Iron + Oxygen → Iron oxide*

* ***Magnesium reactions with oxygen to produce magnesium oxide***

*Magnesium + Oxygen → Magnesium oxide*

* ***Zinc reacts with chlorine to produce zinc chloride***

*Zinc + Chlorine → Zinc chloride*

* ***Photosynthesis reaction***

*Carbon Dioxide + Water → Glucose + Oxygen*

* ***Respiration reaction***

*Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water*

List chemical equations that describe the process of chemical weathering

* *CO₂ + H₂O → H₂CO₃*

*Carbon Dioxide + Water → Carbonic Acid*
* *H₂CO₃ + CaCO₃ → Ca(HCO₃)₂*

*Carbonic Acid + Calcium Carbonate → Calcium Hydrogen Carbonate*