APUSH Spring Final

maize cultivation

The growing of Indian corn, a staple of many Indians diets, leading many nomadic tribes to settle and develop great civilizations such as the Aztecs incas and Mayans.

Western Hemisphere

The Americas

Capitalism

An economic system based on private property and free enterprise.

slave labor

Forced labor of people considered property by the people in charge

Feudalism

the dominant social system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants (villeins or serfs) were obliged to live on their lord's land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military protection.

small pox

highly contagious disease brought by Europeans that killed millions of American Indians, who

had not been previously exposed to this disease because most American Indians had not lived with or

near domesticated animals like cattle or sheep.

Pueblo Indians

Lived in the Southwestern United States. They built extensive irrigation systems to water their primary crop, which was corn. Their houses were multi-storied buildings made of adobe.

Bartolome de Las Casas

First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Encomienda System

system in Spanish America that gave settlers the right to tax local Indians or to demand their labor in exchange for protecting them and teaching them skills.

Mestizo

A person of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry.

Zambo

People of mixed Native American and African descent. Lowest tier of social class, with no rights whatsoever.

Algonquin Indian

Native people found in the American NE who were close allies of the French and participated in the fur trade

Roger Williams

He founded Rhode Island for separation of Church and State. He believed that the Puritans were too powerful and was ordered to leave the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his religious beliefs.

William Penn

A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution.

Captain John Smith

Organized Jamestown and imposed a harsh law "He who will not work shall not eat".

John Rolfe

Jamestown colony leader who showed that tobacco could be grown successfully in Virginia

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

Separatists

People who wanted to have a separate, or different church. Also known as Pilgrims.

Pilgrims

English Puritans who founded Plymouth colony in 1620

John Winthrop

Puritan leader who became the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony

Thomas Hooker

A Puritan minister who led about 100 settlers out of Massachusetts Bay to Connecticut because he believed that the governor and other officials had too much power. He wanted to set up a colony in Connecticut with strict limits on government.

James Oglethorpe

Founder and governor of the Georgia colony. He ran a tightly-disciplined, military-like colony. Slaves, alcohol, and Catholicism were forbidden in his colony. Many colonists felt that Oglethorpe was a dictator, and that (along with the colonist's dissatisfaction over not being allowed to own slaves) caused the colony to break down and Oglethorpe to lose his position as governor.

Bacon's Rebellion

A rebellion lead by Nathaniel Bacon with backcountry farmers to attack Native Americans in an attemp to gain more land

Sir William Berkeley

Royal Governor of Virginia who favored large plantation owners and did not support or protect smaller farms from Indian raids. He put down Bacon's rebellion in 1676

Shays Rebellion

Rebellion led by Daniel Shays of farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787, protesting mortgage foreclosures. It highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out.

George Mason

American Revolutionary leader from Virginia whose objections led to the drafting of the Bill of Rights (1725-1792)

Federalists

A term used to describe supporters of the Constitution during ratification debates in state legislatures.

Anti-Federalists

Opponents of the American Constitution at the time when the states were contemplating its adoption.

Loyalists

American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence

Judith Sargent Murray

Argued for equal educational opportunities for women

John Adams

America's first Vice-President and second President. Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts, and wrote the Massachusetts guarantee that freedom of press "ought not to be restrained."

Articles of Conferderation

was the first constitution of the United States of America. It is important because it was the first way the united States worked and we learned from the mistakes in there to create the united States constitution; weak

3/5 Compromise

the decision at the Constitutional convention to count slaves as 3/5 of a person for the purpose of deciding the population and determining how many seats each state would have in Congress

Checks and Balances

A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power

New Jersey Plan

A constitutional proposal that would have given each state one vote in a new congress

Virginia Plan

"Large state" proposal for the new constitution, calling for proportional representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress. The plan favored larger states and thus prompted smaller states to come back with their own plan for apportioning representation.

McColloch v. Maryland

Supreme Court case that denied Maryland the right to tax the Bank of the United States

Marbury v. Madison

This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review

Industrial Revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

Eli Whitney

Invented the cotton gin

Samuel Morse

patented the telegraph and developed the Morse code

Robert Fulton

American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship

Joseph Smith

founder of Mormonism

Oneida Community

A group of socio-religious perfectionists who lived in New York. Practiced polygamy, communal property, and communal raising of children.

Spoils System

the practice of a successful political party giving public office to its supporters.

Utopianism

the goal to create an ideal society based on cooperation and economic self-sufficiency

War Hawks

Southerners and Westerners who were eager for war with Britain. They had a strong sense of nationalism, and they wanted to takeover British land in North America and expand.

Old Hickory

Nickname for Andrew Jackson gained from the Battle of New Orleans.

Popular Sovereignty

A government in which the people rule by their own consent.

Emanicipation Proclamation

an order issued by President Abraham Lincoln freeing the slaves in areas rebelling against the Union

Black Codes

Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War

Gadsden Purchase

Agreement w/ Mexico that gave the US parts of present-day New Mexico & Arizona in exchange for $10 million; all but completed the continental expansion envisioned by those who believed in Manifest Destiny.

13th Amendment (1865)

Abolishes and prohibits slavery

14th Amendment

Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws

15th Amendment (1870)

States cannot deny any person the right to vote because of race.

Manifest Destiny

A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.

Ulysses S. Grant

an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.

Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson

confederate general who was known for his fearlessness in leading rapid marches bold flanking movements and furious assaults. he earned his nickname at the battle of first bull run for standing courageously against union fire. During the battle of chancellorsville his own men accidently mortally wounded him.

Copperheads

A group of northern Democrats who opposed abolition and sympathized with the South during the Civil War

Reconstruction

the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union

Boss Tweed

Leader of the Democratic Tammany Hall, New York political machine

Jim Crow Laws

Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites

poll tax

A requirement that citizens pay a tax in order to register to vote

Andrew Carnegie

A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry.

John D. Rockefeller

Was an American industrialist and philanthropist. Revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy.

J. Pierpont Morgan

He was a banker who financed the reorganization of railroads, insurance companies, and banks

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.

Knights of Labor

1st effort to create National union. Open to everyone but lawyers and bankers. Vague program, no clear goals, weak leadership and organization. Failed

Jane Adams

Social reformer who worked to improve the lives of the working class. In 1889 she founded Hull House in Chicago, the first private social welfare agency in the U.S., to assist the poor, combat juvenile delinquency and help immigrants learn to speak English.

Eugene V. Debs

Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over.

USS Maine

Ship that explodes off the coast of Cuba in Havana harbor and helps contribute to the start of the Spanish-American War

Boxer Rebellion

1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops.

Muckrakers

Journalists who attempted to find corruption or wrongdoing in industries and expose it to the public

Bull Moose Party

nickname for the new Progressive Party, which was formed to support Roosevelt in the election of 1912

U-boats

German submarines used in World War I

Zimmerman Telegram

A telegram Germany Sent to Mexico to convince Mexico to attack the U.S.

Great Migration

movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920

19th Amendment

Gave women the right to vote

League of Nations

A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League. Essentially powerless, it was officially dissolved in 1946.

18th Amendment

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages

21st Amendment

Repeal of Prohibition

Cold War

A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.

Marshall Plan

A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952)

Joseph Mcarthy

A republican senator from Wisconsin who used the Korean War to fan American's fears of communism. He created a list of 205 state department officials who he thought belonged to the Communists Party

Montgomery Bus Boycott

In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.

Sputnik

First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race.

Lyndon B. Johnson

became President after Kennedy's assassinations; signed the civil rights act of 1964 into law and the voting rights act of 1965. he had a war on poverty in his agenda. in an attempt to win, he set a few goals, including the great society, the economic opportunity act, and other programs that provided food stamps and welfare to needy famillies. he also created a department of housing and urban development. his most important legislation was probably medicare and medicaid.

Richard Nixon

1968 and 1972; Republican; Vietnam: advocated "Vietnamization" (replace US troops with Vietnamese), but also bombed Cambodia/Laos, created a "credibility gap," Paris Peace Accords ended direct US involvement; economy-took US off gold standard (currency valued by strength of economy); created the Environmental Protection Agency, was president during first moon landing; SALT I and new policy of detente between US and Soviet Union; Watergate scandal: became first and only president to resign

Equal Rights Amendment

constitutional amendment passed by Congress but never ratified that would have banned discrimination on the basis of gender

Roe v. Wade

(1973) legalized abortion on the basis of a woman's right to privacy

Watergate

The events and scandal surrounding a break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters in 1972 and the subsequent cover-up of White House involvement, leading to the eventual resignation of President Nixon under the threat of impeachment.

Sandra Day O'Connor

first woman supreme court justice. appointed by Reagan

Star Wars (SDI)

Reagan's defensive program; laser beams and satellites would shoot down USSR missiles

Saadam Hussein

President of Iraq from 1979 to 2003

Clarence Thomas

This man was an African American jurist, and a strict critic of affirmative action. He was nominated by George H. W. Bush to be on the Supreme Court in 1991, and shortly after was accused of sexual harassment by Anita Hill. Hearings were reopened, and he became the second African American to hold a seat in the Supreme Court.

Al Qaeda

a radical Islamic group organized by Osama bin Laden in the 1990s to engage in terrorist activities.

Tea Party

A national social movement, primarily attracting fiscal and social conservatives, that seeks to limit government spending and cut taxes