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Baroque
Music of the period from roughly around 1600 to 1750, known for the first Italian operas to the death of Bach.
Camerata
A group of humanists, musicians, poets, and intellectuals in late Renaissance Florence focused on guiding trends in the arts.
Castrato
A male singer in the Baroque era who was castrated to maintain his preadolescent vocal range, producing internationally admired stars.
Figured bass
An ongoing bass line in basso continuo, indicated by numbers representing intervals for harmonization by keyboard or lute.
Opera
A drama set to music sung with instrumental accompaniment, combining recitative with musical numbers.
Recitative
A speech-like solo singing style created to enhance the text, evolving into a more standardized form by 1700.
Seconda pratica
Monteverdi's term for a new, more dissonant style that challenged the conservative approach of prima pratica.
Stile rappresentativo
A dramatic recitative style developed in early Italian monody, expressive yet less melodic than song.
Chorale concerto
A work for mixed instruments and voices based on religious texts, also called sacred concerto.
Da capo aria
An aria structured in ABA form, designed to return to the beginning section after the contrasting middle.
Fugue
A texture in which a subject in one voice is followed by two or more voices entering successively and imitating it.
Gigue
A standard dance in a suite, typically the last movement.
Passion
A musical setting of the Crucifixion story based on a New Testament gospel, incorporating recitatives, arias, and choral sections.
Suite
An ordered set of instrumental pieces, often based on dance movements, performed in a concert setting.
