Tingus Pingus

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Bird’s eye view

A shot that shows the action from above, providing a unique perspective. Think bird’s eye

High angle shot

A shot taken from a higher position looking down on the subject, often making them appear smaller or vulnerable.

Eye level shot

A shot taken from the height of the subject's eyes, creating a neutral perspective.

Low angle shot

A shot taken from a lower position looking up at the subject, often making them appear powerful or imposing.

Dutch tilt

A shot that is tilted so the horizon line is not level, creating a sense of unease or tension, often reflecting the character's unbalanced mental state.

Frame rate

The frequency at which consecutive images called frames are captured or displayed, typically measured in frames per second (fps).

24 frames/sec

The standard frame rate for films, providing a cinematic look.

Overcrank

Filming at a higher frame rate than normal; when played back at a standard frame rate, this results in slow motion.

Undercrank

Filming at a lower frame rate; when played back at standard speed, this creates the effect of fast motion.

Lexicon

A technique to slightly speed up the framerate to create a shorter film runtime without noticeably affecting the visual quality.

Aspect ratio

The relationship of the width to the height of a frame, crucial in determining the composition of the visual field.

Letterboxing

A technique for adapting wide films to fit standard television screens without cropping, preserving the original aspect ratio.

Pan

The camera moves horizontally from side to side while remaining in a fixed position, allowing the viewer to follow action.

Tilt

The camera rotates vertically while fixed in place, moving up or down.

Tracking shot/dolly

A moving shot in which the camera is mounted on a wheeled platform, allowing it to glide smoothly along the ground.

Crane

A shot taken with the camera mounted on a crane or jib, allowing it to move smoothly both vertically and horizontally.

Hand held

A shooting technique where the camera is held in the operator's hands, often resulting in a more dynamic, gritty, or intimate look.

Steadicam

A stabilizing mount for a camera that allows for smooth movement while filming, combining the flexibility of handheld shots with the stability of a tripod.

Motivated movement

Camera movement that follows or corresponds to an action in the scene, drawing attention to key actions or movements.

Unmotivated movement

Camera movement that does not correspond to any visible action in the frame, which can create disconnection or unease.

Long take

An extended shot that lasts for an unusually long duration without cuts, often allowing for uninterrupted action and immersion.

Three point lighting

A foundational lighting technique that uses three light sources: a key light (main light), a fill light (to reduce shadows), and a backlight (to separate the subject from the background).

Key light

The primary light source used to illuminate the subject, creating highlights and defining shapes.

Fill light

A softer light used to fill in shadows created by the key light, helping to balance the overall illumination.

Backlight

Light placed behind the subject, creating separation from the background and adding depth.

High key lighting

A lighting style with a predominance of fill light that reduces shadows, often creating a bright, cheerful atmosphere.

Low key lighting

A lighting approach characterized by a dominant key light and minimal fill light, resulting in dramatic contrasts between light and shadow.

Chiaroscuro

A dramatic effect achieved by using strong contrasts between light and dark to create depth and volume in the image. Characterized by singular light source in a frame

Camera focus

The control of which elements are sharp and clear in the image, impacting how viewers perceive the scene.

Depth of field

The range of distance within a shot that appears acceptably sharp, influencing viewer focus and narrative emphasis.

Deep focus

A technique where foreground, midground, and background are all in sharp focus, allowing for complex compositions.

Shallow focus

An approach where only a specific subject is focused, with the background blurred, directing viewer attention.

Rack focus

A technique where the focus shifts from one subject to another within the same shot, guiding viewer attention selectively.

Zoom in and out

A camera technique that changes the focal distance, magnifying or minimising the subject's appearance.

Lens filter

A transparent or semi-transparent accessory placed in front of a camera lens to modify light, reduce glare, or create special effects.

Composition

The arrangement and organization of visual elements within the frame to create a harmonious or impactful image.

Frame

The boundaries of the visual image on screen; each individual image in motion pictures is often referred to as a frame.

Masking

A technique involving the blacking out of portions of the frame, creating the illusion of a different aspect ratio without physically cropping the image.

Dominant contrast

The primary area of the image that draws the viewer's attention due to its high contrast against surrounding elements.

Subsidiary contrasts

Secondary visual elements that counterbalance the dominant contrast, adding complexity to the visual narrative.

Density

The amount of light or visual weight in an image; darker images may convey different emotions than lighter ones.

Intrinsic weight/interest

The inherent importance or appeal of an object or character in a scene, often determined by its size, placement, or the context.

Top

The part of the frame often suggests themes of aspiration, superiority, or transcendence.

Bottom

The section of the frame typically conveys subservience, vulnerability, or danger.

Left/right edges

The part of the frame often represent insignificance or elements that are near the unexplored or unknown.

Off frame side

Elements that exist outside of the visible area of the frame, creating an implied use of space that can evoke curiosity or suspense.

Off frame behind set

Forces viewers to imagine what is beyond the visible scene, often inducing curiosity and speculation.

Off frame just in front

Creates a feeling of unsettlement as characters or objects are close yet unseen.

Figures

The characters or subjects presented in the frame; can focus on their isolation or interaction.

Isolated

A figure appearing separately and more prominently than others, attracting more attention.

directions/lines

Element in a visual composition serve as guides for the viewer's eye, influencing how the image is perceived.

horizontal lines

Convey stability, calmness, and tranquility, often establishing a sense of peace.

Diagonal/oblique lines

Lines that create movement and tension, suggesting dynamics or conflict.

Tension between composition and context

The contrast between the visual arrangement and the narrative context, enhancing emotional or thematic resonance.

Structures

The overall framework or composition that gives meaning to the visual elements within a shot.

Favored shapes for composition

Commonly used forms such as S-curves, X shapes, triangles, and circles, which guide the viewer's eye.

Binary structures

Visual pairings or contrasts, such as duality or opposition, represented in composition.

Triadic composition

The dynamic interplay among three primary elements in a frame, creating tension and balance.

Circular compositions

Forms that create a sense of security, enclosure, or femininity within the visual narrative.

Tightly framed

Close-up shots that make subjects feel restricted or confined.

Loosely framed

Shots that allow for more space around subjects, suggesting freedom and openness.

Spatial hierarchy

The arrangement where dominant characters or elements occupy more visual space, indicating their importance.

Full front

The most intimate position, with the character facing the audience directly, revealing vulnerabilities.

Quarter turn

A position between full and profile, maintaining intimacy while reducing emotional engagement.

Profile

A shot of a character in profile, suggesting distance or introspection.

Three quarter turn

A position between facing the camera and profile, often indicating more anonymity.

Back to camera

A figure facing away from the audience, suggesting alienation, mystery, or concealment.

Depth composition

The arrangement of elements at different distances from the camera, adding layers and complexity.

Directors compose on foreground, midground, background

Creating depth by strategically placing elements at varying distances.

Can alter dominant contrast as a qualifier

Using elements to modify or enhance the viewer's perception of dominant contrast.

Figures in midground with foreground comment

Elements in the foreground providing context or commentary on the main subjects behind.

Character proxemics

The study of spatial relationships and distances between characters in a scene.

Intimate distance

Physical proximity where characters are touching, indicative of close relationships.

Personal distance

Distance of about 18 inches, typical in conversations between friends.

Social distance

About 4 feet, often used in professional or casual interactions.

Public distance

Distance of 12 feet or more, typical for public speaking or formal situations.

Cut

The editing technique of joining two strips of film together at the point where one shot ends and another begins.

Continuity editing

Editing techniques designed to create a seamless flow, minimizing viewer awareness of cuts.

Matching on action

Editing technique where a piece of action is continued from one shot to the next for continuity.

Eyeline matching

A principle where the direction of the character's gaze is matched to what they are looking at in another shot.

Graphic matching

A technique of editing that matches shots based on visual elements or shapes rather than narrative.

Shot/reverse shot

A conversational technique where the camera alternates between characters during dialogue, capturing individual reactions.

180 rule

A guideline that maintains spatial relationships by ensuring the camera remains on one side of an imaginary line between two characters.

Score

The original music composed for a film, enhancing emotional and narrative depth.

Sound effects

Any sound other than dialogue or music that contributes to the atmosphere or realism of a scene.

Dialogue

All spoken words and conversations in a film, essential for character development and plot progression.

Diegetic sound

Sound that originates from the world within the film, such as dialogue or ambient noises.

Nondiegetic sound

Sound that comes from outside the film's world, such as a score or soundtrack.

Synchronous sound

Sound that corresponds directly to the source on screen, creating a realistic experience.

Nonsynchronous sound

Sound that does not match the time of its visual source, often used for stylistic transitions.

Sound bridge

An audio transition that maintains a sense of continuity or eases changes between scenes.

Asynchronous sound

Sounds heard without an accompanying visual source, often creating atmospheric effects.

Ambient sound

Background noise that enhances the realism of a scene by representing the environment.

Room tone

The ambient sound of a space recorded separately, used in dialogue scenes to fill gaps.

Voice-over narration

Word audio, conveying additional information or the internal thoughts of characters.

Vertical lines

Lines that extend from the bottom to the top of the frame, symbolizing strength, growth, and ambition.

Amplitude

Loudness of sound in film

Pitch

The perceived frequency of a sound, determining how high or low it sounds.

Timbre

Quality or color of sound in film that distinguishes different types of sound sources.

Jump cut

a film editing technique that breaks a continuous shot into two parts, making it appear as if time has jumped forward