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Messerschmidt hegemonic masculinity
Mainstream masculinity involves strength, aggression, risk-taking and ability to protect
Subordinate masculinity are men who do not conform to his are treated as lesser than- gay men’s effeminacy for example
He criticises sex role theory for assuming socialisation is passive when both genders are active agents in the construction of their genders
Messerschmidt quotes a number of American studies showing how gang and turf wars are also attempts to assert masculine control and rape is to express control over women
Different ethnicity expressing masculinity
White middle-class youths accommodate their masculinity for school, but their masculinity becomes oppositional outside school
White working-class youths have a lower chance of educational success so they always have oppositional masculinity (e.g defying the teacher)
Black working-class youths have few expectations of educational and vocational success so they turn to gang membership to express masculinity- this can lead to serious property crime to achieve material success
Winlow bouncers and pstmodern masculinity
Industrialisation and social changes for women have reduced the number of ‘masculine’ jobs that men can do
Conducted in Sunderland which used to be a key place for heavy industries
Globalisation led to outsourcing some industries
Working in pubs and clubs provided young men with paid work, illegal business ventures, and ways of expressing hegemonic masculinity
Bouncers have both legitimate and illegitimate means of expressing masculinity
Bodily capital
Criminal subcultures in postmodern night-time economy by ‘looking the part’
They use bodybuilding to develop their physical assests
Also a way of expressing masculinity
