CS 3003 Midterm

Subprogram has a single entry.

Caller is suspended until completion of the subprogram.

Program execution returns to the caller upon completion of the subprogram's execution.

Which of the following are characteristics of a subprogram? (Check all that apply)

Subprogram has a single entry.

It cannot change the value of global variables.

Caller is suspended until completion of the subprogram.

Program execution returns to the caller upon completion of the subprogram's execution.

4

Static Lifetime

Stack Dynamic Lifetime

Explicit Heap Dynamic Lifetime

Implicit Heap Dynamic Lifetime

How many lifetimes are there according to the author?

Imperative

The von Neumann architecture had the biggest impact on which of the four programming paradigms?

programming language

a system of communicating computational ideas between people and computing machines

low-level language

the language is dependent on the machine

high-level language

the language is independent of the machine

syntax

the rules that define a structurally valid program

names

ways to identify entities

types

the rules by which an expression can properly interact with the language

semantics

the effect of each statement's execution on program operation

Imperative programming language

Languages based on giving the computer commands or procedures to follow.

examples: assignment operators, functions/procedures, selection statements, and loops

object-oriented programming

designing a program by discovering objects, their properties, and their relationships

Examples: sending messages between objects, messages causing an action

Functional Programming

A programming paradigm that uses functions to create programs.

Functions are first class objects, relies on recursion, and conditional statements. No loops

Logic Programming

declares what outcome the program should accomplish

Tell the computer what and not how

Language readability

how close is it to human speech? how easy/hard is it to understand without compiling?

Language writability

How expressive is a language for solving problems in a particular context?

Language Reliability

How easy/hard is it to write correct programs?

Simplicity

concise, feature multiplicity, etc.

Orthogonality

How easy/hard is it to combine features in regular ways? (a type of measure when comparing programming languages)

Aliasing

2 or more different names for the same memory location

Types

the valid values for a variable that can be used to determine a programs correctness

assignment statement

used to change the program state, plays a central role in imperative and object-oriented programming

selection-statement

allows us to choose which statement will be executed next based on the evaluation of a boolean condition. Also known as a conditional statement.

operation steps in Von Neumann Architecture

1. Fetch

2. Decode

3. Execute

Scientific computing

What was the first programming domain?

increases

As the amount of orthogonality in a programming language's design decreases, the number of exceptional semantic situations

Object Oriented

________________ programming languages are designed to support software development built on data abstractions.

Writability and readability

Which of the following are language evaluation criteria according to Sebesta? (Check all that apply)

state

Programs written in a (pure) functional programming language do not have ________________; programs written in imperative and object-oriented languages do.

BNF

Algol was the first language whose syntax was formally specified. In what format was the syntax of Algol written?

teaching programming

Pascal was written as a language for doing what?

Extenstion

Which of the following is NOT a property of a variable?

extension

scope

lifetime

type

name

Program Design Time

Which of the following is NOT a valid binding time?

program compile time

program design time

program runtime

language design time

program load time

Type Inference

_____________________ is the process of using the context to determine the type of a variable.

Type binding

Type inference

Type checking

Type elaboration

Implicit heap-dynamic variables

allocation and deallocation caused by assignment statements

Explicit heap-dynamic variables

Variables that are nameless (abstract) memory cells allocated and deallocated by explicit run-time instructions written by the programmer.

stack-dynamic variables

Variables whose storage bindings are created when their declaration statements are elaborated, but whose types are statically bound.

static variable

the variable is allocated storage for the entire duration of program execution.

Lifetime

The ______________________ is the time during which a variable is bound to storage.

No runtime allocation or deallocation of storage space

The variable's value can be directly accessed

Which of the following are benefits of variables with a static lifetime? Check all that apply.

No runtime allocation or deallocation of storage space.

Support for recursion.

The variable's value can be directly accessed.

Stack Dynamic

A(n) ____________________ variable's storage is bound when its declaration is elaborated.

explicit heap dynamic

implicit heap dynamic

stack dynamic

static

Binding

A(n) _____________________ is an association between an attribute (e.g., type, scope, address) and an entity (e.g., variable, symbol).

Protocol

The ___________ of a subprogram is its parameter profile and its return type (if it is a function).

declaration

header

protocol

definition

Pure

A function that neither modifies variables outside itself nor modifies its parameters in a way that is visible to the caller is known as a(n) ____________ function.

pure

accurate

limited

perfect

Ad-hoc

In _________________________ polymorphism, the semantics of the function may change depending on the type of a subprogram's parameters.

parametric

functional

object-oriented

ad-hoc

Procedure

A(n) ______________________ is a subprogram that does not return a value.

abstraction

function

procedure

coroutine

Yields

A coroutine cooperates with its caller -- the caller of a coroutine is suspended until the coroutine _______________.

crashes

completes

yields

calls another function

Process

Subprograms are __________________ abstractions.

executable

process

data

parametric

homogeneous

An array is a(n) ________________ aggregate data type in which an individual element is accessed by its position in the aggregate.

flexible

heterogeneous

useful

homogeneous

Hold information about an active function

The stack frame is the data structure used to ... (choose one)

track the types of variables in a program.

hold information about an active function.

monitor program execution for the operating system.

hold information about a completed function.

False

In a weakly typed language, all type errors are detected.

True

False

All of the above

Select all the statements that apply to a type system.

Define the valid types in a language.

Specify if/how types are compatible.

Specify how to compose types into new types.

Specify if/how types are equivalent.

Coercion

A(n) ________________ is an implicit conversion between two types that are equivalent.

coercion

interchange

cast

transformation

Product

Records (or structs) are also known as ________________ types because variables of this type can hold all the value of all combinations of the values of its included types.

quantitative

product

divisator

sum

Sum

Unions are also known as _________________ types because variables of this type can hold all the values of any of its included types.

product

sum

divisator

quantitative

Parameter Profile

The _______________________________ of a subprogram contains the number, order and type of its formal parameters.

definition

header

parameter profile

protocol

A programmer's code is more readable.

A programmer can use the functionality without knowing how it is implemented.

A programmer who wants to use the abstracted functionality needs to know only the function's interface.

Select all the benefits of procedural abstraction.

A programmer's code is more readable.

A programmer can use the functionality without knowing how it is implemented.

A programmer who wants to use the abstracted functionality needs to know only the function's interface.

A program that uses procedural abstraction is faster at runtime.

Function

A(n) _________________ is a subprogram that does return a value.

procedure

function

abstraction

coroutine

Primitive

A(n) _______________________ type holds values that are atomic (indivisible) from the programmer's perspective.

simple

ad-hoc

primitive

aggregate

Imperative

In a(n) ____________________________________ programming language, the assignment statement (or expression) is akin to the pipeline between the memory and the processor in the Von Neumann Model.

Implicit Convention

Explicit

Implicit Inference

In a statically typed programming language, all the variables must have a type at the time of compilation. Please select all the different ways that a variable can be given a type at the time of compilation. (Again, please check all the ways!)

Implicit - Convention

Explicit

Implicit - Inference

Abstraction

Assumed

Scoped

Static

Stack Dynamic

Implicit Heap Dynamic

Explicit Heap Dynamic

Which of the following are the valid lifetimes for a variable. Select all

Static

Classic

Stack dynamic

Runtime

Implicit heap dynamic

Modern

Explicit heap dynamic

Referential Transparency

A language with _________________________________ (two words) is one without side effects.

Formal

The _____________________ parameters of a subprogram are declared in the subprogram header.

Parameter Profile

The _______________________________ (two words) of a subprogram contains the number, order and type of its formal parameters.

Procedure

A(n) ______________________ is a subprogram that does not return a value.

Process

Subprograms are __________________ abstractions.

Syntax

The __________________ of a language are the rules for constructing valid programs

Programming Paradigm

A(n) ____________ (two words) is a pattern of problem-solving thought that underlies a particular genre of programs and languages.

Locally

A variable is _________ scoped to a unit or block of a program if it is declared there.

Stack frame

The data structure that holds all the information about an active function is known as the ______________ (two words).

static

A(n) ___________________ variable is bound to storage before program execution begins and retains the same binding throughout program execution.

Stack dynamic lifetimes

Variables with ________________ are allocated in the stack frame.

infinite lifetimes

stack-dynamic lifetimes

static lifetimes

heap-dynamic lifetimes

Speed of executable code

What was the primary goal of the earliest version of Fortran?

Speed of executable code

Writability

Readability

Programmer's Productivity