Psychopathology Models and Cultural Perspectives in Mental Health

What is Szaz's perspective on mental illness?

Szaz sees mental illness as a myth, distinguishing it from bodily illness, and views it as a metaphor rather than a true illness.

How does Wakefield define a mental disorder?

Wakefield defines a mental disorder as a harmful dysfunction, where dysfunction refers to failure of internal mechanisms and harmful refers to societal values.

What are the five ways culture affects clinical reality according to Castillo?

Culture affects clinical reality through subjective experience, idioms of distress, diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes.

What is the Roschien concept of mental illness proposed by Lilienfield & Moreno?

Mental illness is seen as an open concept with unclear boundaries, lacking strict definitions and understood by prototypes.

What critique do Lilienfield & Moreno have regarding Wakefield's 'harmful dysfunction'?

They argue that many mental functions are not direct evolutionary adaptations and that variability across individuals complicates definitions of normal and abnormal.

How does Watters describe the Americanization of mental illness?

Watters argues that Western knowledge of mental illness is being exported globally, influencing how mental illness is experienced and diagnosed in other cultures.

What did Tse & Haslam find about public perceptions of mental illness terminology?

They found that terms like 'mental disorder' and 'psychological issue' are synonymous, with harm being central to public understanding of mental illness.

What is the relationship between ethnicity and mental health according to Beidel & French?

Ethnicity affects diagnosis and treatment, with higher ethnic identity and successful acculturation linked to better mental health outcomes.

What impact does colonialism have on mental health according to Okazaki?

Colonialism leads to internalized oppression and identity confusion, affecting the mental health of minorities and perpetuating a legacy of self-doubt.

What role does brooding play in the mental health of LGBQ+ participants according to Antebi-Gruszka et al.?

Brooding mediates the relationship between discrimination and mental distress, with higher levels of discrimination linked to greater distress.

What does Nagata et al. suggest about the internment of Japanese-Americans?

The internment led to long-term racial trauma and a lack of cultural transfer to younger generations, impacting their connection to heritage.

What unique stressors do LGBTQ Asian Americans face according to Ching et al.?

They face stressors from cultural identity clashes, structural oppression, and internalized minority stress, leading to negative mental health outcomes.

How does Moleiro describe the role of culture in psychopathology?

Culture influences the conceptualization of psychopathology and the experience of distress, with minority stress increasing vulnerability.

What is the significance of the cultural formulation interview?

It is a tool used by therapists to reduce assessment bias and prevent cultural malpractice.

What is the relationship between acculturation and clinical symptoms in ethnic minorities?

Higher ethnic identity and successful acculturation are associated with fewer clinical symptoms and greater life satisfaction.

What is 'hidden colonial thinking' as described by Okazaki?

'Hidden colonial thinking' refers to the assumption that Western perspectives are superior and universally valid, impacting psychology.

What is the impact of racism on mental health according to Beidel & French?

Racism can lead to PTSD and is a significant trauma affecting the mental health of ethnic minorities.

What is the role of CBT in addressing colonial mentality?

CBT may help treat colonial mentality, which includes internalized inferiority and cultural shame among oppressed groups.

What did Antebi-Gruszka et al. find regarding mental distress and discrimination?

They found that mental/physical ability status discrimination was associated with the highest levels of mental distress.

What are the consequences of not discussing racial trauma as noted by Nagata et al.?

Not discussing racial trauma can lead to cultural disconnection and adverse mental health outcomes for younger generations.

What is the significance of intersectionality in understanding mental health?

Intersectionality helps to understand how overlapping identities contribute to unique stressors and mental health outcomes.

What is the impact of stigma on the diagnosis of mental illness in ethnic minorities?

Higher stigma leads to somaticization, resulting in fewer diagnoses among ethnic minorities.

How do cultural norms affect the treatment of mental illness?

Cultural norms can influence the effectiveness of treatments and the acceptance of mental health diagnoses.

What are the three dimensions of cultural competence?

Awareness, Knowledge, Ability to effectively engage in meaningful interactions with diverse individuals.

According to Gone et al., what factor has a greater impact on indigenous identity than race?

Historical trauma.

What adverse health impacts were found in individuals with ancestors in residential schools?

Increased suicidality, depressive symptoms, and sexual abuse.

What does the Stress-Diathesis model describe?

The interaction between premorbid risk factors and situational stressors in the development of disorders.

What is the concept of Additivity in the Stress-Diathesis model?

Diatheses and stress add together to produce a disorder.

What is the Mega Diathesis-Stress model?

It suggests that a disorder results from significant life stress combined with heightened vulnerability.

What does the Ipsative model propose?

It suggests an inverse relationship between factors; greater first factor means lower second factor needed to bring about a disorder.

What is the concept of Kindling in relation to stress and diathesis?

Repeated instances of a disorder cause neuronal changes that increase sensitivity to stress.

What do Quasi-Continuous Diathesis Models indicate?

A minimal level of diathesis may be insufficient to produce a disorder under high stress, but the probability increases with both stress and diathesis.

What do Threshold models suggest about vulnerability and stress?

The threshold for triggering disorders varies among individuals based on vulnerability and stress levels.

What is the Risk-Resilience Continuum Model?

It posits that resilience and vulnerability are on a spectrum, affecting the likelihood of disorder based on stress levels.

What do Belsky & Pluess suggest about individual differences in developmental plasticity?

Some individuals are more affected by environmental influences, leading to varying responses in negative and positive conditions.

How does the Behavioral model approach abnormal behavior?

It emphasizes assessment of behavior, objectification of concepts, and evaluation of treatment interventions.

What are the three types of learning important in behavior alteration?

Classical conditioning, Operant conditioning, and Observational learning.

What is the goal of cognitive therapy?

To identify and change maladaptive beliefs that individuals hold about themselves.

According to Arnedo et al., what is the genetic basis of schizophrenia?

Schizophrenia may be a group of heritable disorders caused by separate genotypic networks associated with distinct clinical syndromes.

What does Stahl's perspective emphasize regarding mental processes?

Mental processes and behaviors arise from connections between neurons, influenced by genetic expression and experiences.

What critique do Satel & Lilienfield offer regarding fMRI studies?

They argue that fMRI measures correlation, not causation, and oversimplifies complex cognition and emotion.

What does the concept of reciprocal determinism in the behavioral model imply?

There is a mutual influence between the environment and the individual in shaping behavior.

What is the primary result of classical conditioning?

A change in the power of a stimulus to elicit a reflex response.

What is the primary result of operant conditioning?

A change in an emitted response based on reinforcement or punishment.

What is the significance of observational learning according to Bandura?

It involves learning by observing a model, integrating both operant and respondent responses.

What are the principles of cognitive change in therapy?

Developing problem-solving skills, enhancing attribution, and improving self-efficacy.

What role does the amygdala play in emotions?

The amygdala is primarily associated with fear but also plays a role in happiness, novelty, and arousal.

What emotions are associated with the insula?

The insula is linked to disgust, empathy, and bodily sensations.

What functions are attributed to the striatum?

The striatum is involved in reward, novelty, and learning.

How are brain scans often misinterpreted in the media?

Brain scans are perceived as definitive truths, but they often represent averaged data that can mislead the public.

What is the main argument presented by Johnson & Kirsch regarding antidepressants?

Antidepressants are effective mainly for severely depressed individuals, challenging their routine prescription for mild to moderate cases.

What complicates the narrative around antidepressants according to Johnson & Kirsch?

The strength of placebo effects suggests that improvements may not solely result from drug chemistry, indicating a psychological and social component to treatment.

What is the difference between statistical and clinical significance in antidepressant studies?

Statistical significance indicates a measurable effect, while clinical significance assesses whether the effect is meaningful in practice, such as actual patient improvement.

What does the biopsychosocial paradigm emphasize?

It integrates biological, psychological, and social factors, avoiding reductionism and viewing humans as dynamic systems influenced by their environment.

What is neuroplasticity?

Neuroplasticity is the brain's ability to form new neurons and connections throughout life, influenced by experiences like music training and psychotherapy.

How does epigenetics relate to gene expression?

Epigenetics shows that environmental and psychosocial experiences can influence gene expression, demonstrating that genes are not destiny.

What is the significance of the serotonin theory of depression?

The serotonin theory suggests low serotonin levels cause depression, but recent reviews show weak and inconsistent evidence supporting this theory.

What are the implications of the drug-centered model versus the disease-centered model in psychiatry?

The drug-centered model views drugs as psychoactive substances altering brain function, while the disease-centered model sees them as correcting underlying brain abnormalities.

What has been the impact of psychiatric drugs on disability rates according to Whitaker?

Disability rates have risen sharply since the introduction of psychiatric drugs, suggesting they may transform acute disorders into chronic ones.

What marketing strategy has shaped public belief about mental illness treatments?

The chemical imbalance story has been a successful health marketing campaign, despite lacking scientific backing, influencing patient beliefs and medical practices.

What challenges does the chemical imbalance theory present for patient autonomy?

It has blurred the line between marketing and science, leading to misinformation that affects informed consent and patient understanding.

What is the role of psychotherapy in brain changes?

Psychotherapy has been linked to both functional and structural brain changes, indicating that it can reshape brain circuits and influence gene expression.

How does the biopsychosocial model view human resilience?

It sees humans as resilient and adaptive systems influenced by their environment and choices, emphasizing the importance of therapy and social interventions.

What are the potential risks of long-term antidepressant use?

Long-term use may lead to compensatory brain adaptations, making withdrawal risky and potentially trapping patients in chronic drug use.

How does the narrative around antidepressants affect prescribing practices?

Physicians and patients may perceive antidepressants as effective due to a lack of true placebo comparisons, fueling continued prescribing despite limited benefits.

What is the significance of the 3-point HRSD criterion in antidepressant studies?

The 3-point HRSD criterion for clinical significance is debated, as patients may still remain symptomatic even when drugs cross this threshold.

What does the term 'neurogenesis' refer to?

Neurogenesis refers to the process of forming new neurons, which can occur throughout life due to various experiences.

What is the impact of pharmaceutical marketing on psychiatric treatment perceptions?

Pharmaceutical marketing has reinforced the chemical imbalance theory, shaping public and medical perceptions despite weak scientific evidence.