\-created National Duma who will advise him as king
\-assassinated and successor stops duma creation
\-last Tsar
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Nicholas II
rule begins with many bad omens
\-hundreds dead at his wedding
\-only had daughters until finally 1 son but had hemophilia
\-found Rasputin to cure him and soon became Rasputin’s “puppet“
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Peter the Great
\-visited Europe and believed Russia was backward, must modernize!!
\-captured swamp area to build fleet; names St. Petersberg
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strong man rule
Always prepared for war
\-experience from being constantly invaded by East
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Eurasion Highway
flat land across Russia connecting Europe and Asia
\-faced many invasion attempts because of this
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Decembrist Revolution
After the death of Tsar Alexander I, many soldiers and generals desired liberalism and protested the crowning of Nicholas I and wanted his liberal brother, Constantine
\-”Constantine and Constitution!”
\-these “Decembrists“ were later executed by the new ruler Nicholas I
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Russo-Japanese war
Conflict between Russia and Japan that lead to a historic defeat of a European country by an Asian country
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Bloody Sunday (1905)
Peaceful protesters were marching toward Nicholas II’s palace when fired on by palace guards
\-hundreds died and Nicholas was completely unaware as he was off fighting
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October Manifesto
An attempt to quiet strikes and revolts by promising freedom of speech and assembly and for a Duma
\- not truly fulfilled
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Fundamental Laws
\-Tsar retains great powers with an absolute veto
\-Members of the duma would be elected by tsar and his ministers
\-Many saw this as a step backwards
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1905 Revolution
\-Strikes throughout demanding better working conditions
\-Navy also begins to ignore orders
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Georgi Gapon
lead Bloody Sunday protests
\-demanded 8 hr work days and freedom to union and impoved working conditions
\-secret sufrage in elections
\-freedom of speech/press/religion
\-end war with Japan
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March (februrary) 1917
\-strikes led by women factory workers
\-joined by men adding up to 100,000 workers protesting
\-also joined by cossacks; Russia’s brutal fighting unit
\-Tsar ordered the army to shoot but demonstrations continued
\-Eventually Tsar Nicholas II gives up throne and Duma takes over
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Cause of Revolution
\-Resentment toward Tsar’s absolute power and the influence of Rasputin they were under
\-Heavy taxes
\-Social inequality and war took away from civilians
\-Failure to comply with reforms promised after Revolution of 1905
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Kerensky
Head of Provisional Government after Nicholas II
\-then overthrown Bolsheviks
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Provisional Government
Temporary government created by the Duma after the abdication of the tsar
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Lenin
“Peace, Land Bread“
\-Founded the communist party in Russia and set up the world's first communist dictatorship
\-He led the October Revolution of 1917 which led Russia into a communist gov.
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Stalin
Russian leader who took over after Lenin died
\ \-created a totalitarian gov and purged those who he suspected
\-#2 killer in the world
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Alexandra
wife of Alexander II
\-German and disliked by Russians
\-”emperor (Alexander II) is weak, I am not”
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Rasputin
\-Self-proclaimed holy man who claimed to heal the sick and have prophecy
\-After healing Alexi, he had so much influence over Alexandra that she went to him for political advice
\-Pupetter of the tsar
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Kornilov Affair
Lead by General Kornilov: Kerenksy’s commander in cheif
\-believed that the provisional gov was corrupt and must be overthrown
\-gathered the Bolsheviks
\-attempted to attack but was quickly defeated
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July Days
Protests and riots over Kerensky’s poor military choices
\-demanded an end to the war
\-protester called upon the Bolsheviks for support
\-troops surpressed crowd and Lenin fleed to escape arrest
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War communism
\-government controlling of banks and most industries
\-forceful seizing of weapons and food for soldiers if they made extra
\-farm
\-destroyed economy
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Gulags
Forced labor camps
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purges
Execution of millions of people by the suspicion of Stalin
\-7 million arrested, 1 million executed, 2 million died in gulags
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Bucharin
befriended by Stalin as he controlled propoganda in Russia
\-eventually suspected and killed by him by show trial
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kulaks
rich peasants
\-Stalin: They are the enemy!
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Totalitarism
\-propoganda
\-control of media
\-no institutions aside from government
\-control of economy
\-fear
\-”butter” (things are gettin better!)
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5 Year Plan
unrealistic plans introduced to industrialize the Russia rapidly
\-demanded production of steel, electricity, machinery, and most other products and were enforced by the police
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Russian civil war
Bolshviks v eveyone else (Red v Whites)
\-Whites were supported by US, France and Britian but lost
\-Red attacked and killed the tsar family so that the white’s had no figure to look up to
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Bolsheviks
far right, Marxist group
\-led by Lenin and seized power in 1917 after civil war
\-later led by Stalin
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Mensheviks
scientific socialist group
\-believed they must wait for sci. socialism to come
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zemstvos
elected rural governments to allow some democracy without weakening the central government
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cheka
Secret police set up by Lenin-arrested "enemies of the revolution"
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Alexander III
\-returned Russia to a repressed nation; censorship and purged critics
\-repealed reforms of Alexander II
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Pogroms
massacre of a particular ethnic group-Jews in particular
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Holodomor
man made famine affecting Ukrainians
\-genocide?
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Show Trials
Fake trials set up by Stalin
\-surrounded by press
\-falsely accuses defendant and forces them to agree at the expense of their family’s lives
Studied by 60 people
