Unit 5 AP HUMAN GEO Vocab FINAL

agriculture

The purposeful cultivation of plants or raising of animals

Bid-Rent Theory (Land Rent)

Explains how land value determines how a farmer will use the land

clustered settlement

settlement where residents live in close proximity

crop rotation

varying of crops from year to year to allow for restoration of the soil

plantation agriculture

large-scale commercial farming of one particular crop grown for markets far from the site

commercial agriculture

growing crops/livestock for profit

shifting cultivation

the practice of clearing land and moving on when the nutrients have been depleted

intensive agriculture

an agricultural practice in which farmers expend a great deal of effort to produce as much yield as possible

pastoral nomadism (nomadic herding)

moving animals seasonally to allow the best grazing

subsistence agriculture

growing food for your family's survival

monoculture

planting one crop or raising one type of animal annually

Columbian Exchange

the exchange of goods and ideas between the Americas, Europe, and Africa

enclosure system

communal lands that were replaced by individual farms

first agricultural revolution

Dating back 10,000 years, individuals achieved plant domestication and animal domestication. Also called the Neolithic Revolution

genetically modified organisms (GMOs)

manipulating the genetic makeup of plants and animals

Green Revolution

movement beginning in the 1950s and 1960s in which scientists used knowledge of genetics to develop new high yield strains of grain crops

agribusiness

the large scale system that includes the production, processing, and distribution of agricultural products and equipment

tariffs

a tax or duty to be paid on an importer or exporter

vertical integration

the combining of a company's ownership of an control over more than one stage of the production process of goods

farm subsidies

a form of aid and insurance given by the federal government to certain farmers and agribusinesses

Von Thunen Model

a model that suggests that perishability of the product and transport costs to the market each factor into the location of agricultural land use

fair trade

movement that tries to provide farmers and workers in semi-peripheral and peripheral countries with a better price for their products under more equitable trading conditions

global supply chain

a network of people, information, processes, and resources that work together to produce, handle, and distribute goods around the world

desertification

a form of land degradation that occurs when soil deteriorates to a desert-like condition

food security/insecurity

reliable or unreliable access to enough food

food deserts

areas where residents lack access to healthy, nutritious food

precision agriculture

farming management that uses technology to apply inputs with pinpoint accuracy

aquaculture

also known as fish farming