Physiology: Chapter 4

Define Chemical Reaction

Breaking of bonds in reactant molecules and making new chemical bonds to form the product molecule

what are the 2 parts to a chemical reaction?

reactant and product

what is are reactants

The chemicals in which the molecular bond is breaking

what are products

the substance that is created when the new bonds form from reactants

How can you identify a reversible reactant?

By double arrows in the chemical reaction or bolded/bigger letters on one side than the other

what is the 'Law of Mass Action'

the greater amount of reactants will cause a faster production on products and vice versa

What is an Enzyme

a biological catalyst that lowers activation energy to speed up the rate of chemical reaction

what is activation energy

the amount of energy that causes a reaction to proceed

what type of organic molecules are enzymes?

protein

what do enzyme names usually end with?

'ase' [ex. amylase, kinase, hydrolase]

what is a substrate?

a reactant molecule

what model do enzymes resemble

'lock and key' model

How does the enzymatic process work?

enzymes use binding sites to bring substrates together, thus accelerating the reaction

What does ATP stand for?

Adenosine TriPhosphate

What is ATP?

It is the universal energy carrier of the cell.

how many phosphate groups can you find in ATP?

Three. [TRI-phosphate]

What is ADP

an essential organic compound that is essential for the flow of energy

How many phosphate groups are in ADP

2. [DI-phosphate]

How is ATP formed?

When ADP is combined with one inorganic phosphate, creating the 'di' to 'tri'

What do enzymes do ?

lower activation energy to speed up chemical reaction

What are the three metabolic pathways for ATP

Glycolysis, Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle, Oxidative phosphorylation

What does Glycolysis mean?

"sweet breakdown" or "splititng sugars
[glyco = sweet, lysis= breakdown]

What happens in Glycolysis

glucose splits into pyruvate, which then helps aid the production of ATP

What is energy production?

the synthesis of ATP

What is Tricarbocylic Acid Cycle also called?

Krebs Cycle or Citric Acid Cycle

What happens in the Citric Acid Cycle?

Guanosine Triphospahte (GTP) is produced which donated a phosphate group to ADP in order to create ATP

What happens in the Oxidative Phosphorylation

coupling of electron-transport system with phosphorylation of ADP to produce ATP

What is oxidation

When an electron loses an election [think O.I.L 'Oxidation Is Loss'

How to temperature and Enzymes relate?

in increase in temperature causes an increase speed in enzyme activity.

At what temperature does enzymic activity start to slow

a few degrees after 37.0°C

what is the most optimal temperature of Enzymic activity

a steady 37.0°C