Module31

Recall

Recall - the process of retrieving stored information or experiences from memory, often in response to a cue or prompt. It involves bringing previously learned information into conscious awareness. Recall can be influenced by factors such as encoding, storage, and retrieval cues.

recongnition

The ability to identify and remember something previously encountered or learned through visual, auditory, or other sensory cues.

Relearning

Flashcard: "Relearning is the process of acquiring knowledge or skills that were previously learned but forgotten. It is faster than initial learning due to prior exposure, indicating that previous learning is not completely lost and can be regained with practice."

ebbinghaus retention curve

The Ebbinghaus retention curve refers to the graph that illustrates the rate at which we forget information over time. It shows that we tend to forget a large portion of what we learn within the first few days, with the rate of forgetting gradually slowing down over time.

encoding

the act of getting information into our memory system through automatic or effortful processing

storage

Flashcard: The process of retaining information over time. It involves the encoding, storage, and retrieval of memories.

retrieval

Definition: The scientific study of the mind and behavior. It involves understanding how individuals think, feel, and act, as well as exploring various mental processes and their impact on human functioning. Psychology encompasses a wide range of topics such as perception, learning, memory, emotions, personality, and social interactions.

parallel processing

Simultaneous execution of multiple tasks or operations, allowing for faster and more efficient information processing.

sensory memory

Initial stage of memory that briefly holds sensory information from the environment in its original form before it is processed.

short term memory

Type of memory that holds a limited amount of information for a brief period. It is responsible for immediate recall and is easily forgotten without rehearsal or encoding.

long term memory

Flashcard for long term memory: The ability to store and recall information over an extended period of time without conscious effort.

working memory

The cognitive system responsible for temporarily holding and manipulating information needed for tasks. It allows us to remember and process information simultaneously, aiding in problem-solving, decision-making, and learning.

automatic processing

The ability of a system to perform tasks without human intervention, using predefined rules and algorithms. It involves the efficient execution of tasks such as data analysis, decision-making, and problem-solving, allowing for faster and more accurate results.

implicit memory

Memory that is unconsciously formed and expressed through behavior, without conscious awareness. It involves skills, habits, and priming effects.

chunking effects

Chunking Effects: A cognitive process where information is grouped into meaningful units, called chunks, to improve memory and processing. It helps in organizing and remembering complex information by reducing the cognitive load. Chunking effects enhance learning and problem-solving abilities by making it easier to recall and manipulate information efficiently.

mnemonics

Techniques used to improve memory and aid in information retrieval. They involve creating associations or visualizations to help remember information.

testing effects

The phenomenon where the act of retrieving information from memory through testing enhances long-term retention compared to simply restudying the material.

shallow processing

Shallow processing - a cognitive approach to information processing where only surface-level characteristics of a stimulus are attended to, resulting in limited understanding and retention. It involves minimal effort and engagement with the material, focusing on superficial features like appearance or sound. Shallow processing leads to shallow encoding and weak memory traces, making it difficult to recall information later. It is less effective for learning and comprehension compared to deep processing, which involves meaningful analysis and connection of new information with existing knowledge.

deep processing

Deep processing - a cognitive approach to encoding information in which individuals actively engage with and analyze the meaning of the information. It involves making connections, relating new information to existing knowledge, and thinking critically about the material. Deep processing leads to better understanding, retention, and recall of information compared to shallow processing.

memory

The ability to encode, store, and retrieve information. It is divided into three main types: sensory, short-term, and long-term. Sensory memory holds information briefly, short-term memory stores it temporarily, and long-term memory has a vast capacity for long-lasting storage. Memory can be affected by various factors such as attention, rehearsal, and retrieval cues.