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Interpreting P-value (Significance tests)

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1

Interpreting P-value (Significance tests)

Assuming (context of Ho), there is a (percent) probability of getting a sample (proportion/mean) of (p/mu) or (more/less) purely by chance.

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Conclusion (Significance tests)

Because (p-value) is (less than/greater than) (alpha), we (reject/fail to reject) the Ho. We (have/do not have) convincing evidence of (Ho in context).

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p-value is less than significance level…

significant → reject null

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p-value is greater than significance level…

not significant → fail to reject the null

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Interpreting Power

If the true (mean/difference in mean) of (context) is (sample mean), there is a (Power) probability of correctly rejecting the null of (Ho).

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Type I Error

Truth: H0 true, Conclusion: Reject H0 P(Type I)=Alpha (Significance Level)

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Type II Error

Truth: Ha true, H0 false, Conclusion: Fail to reject H0

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Consequences…

Health consequences always considered worse

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Power

Truth: Ha true, Conclusion: Reject H0 P(Reject H0 I Ha is true) P(Power)=1-P(Type II)

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Increase Power by:

increasing n, increasing alpha, increasing distance btwn H0 & Ha

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11

Interpreting CI

We are (conf level)% confident the interval from (A) to (B) captures the true (mean/proportion) of (context).

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Interpreting CL

If we make many (conf level)% confidence intervals, we expect about (conf level)% to capture the true (mean/proportion) of (context).

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A CI gives…

plausible values

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normal/z-score smaller than t…

larger MOE for interval

for critical values the MOE of error is smaller and confidence interval is smaller

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Conf. Int. for Mu 1) state:

parameter (true mean…), confidence level

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Conf. Int. for Mu 2) plan:

1 sample t-interval, 3 conditions

a) random sample/assignment

b) 10% condition

c) normality (meets one of three options)

  • population is normal → sample distribution is normal

  • CLT n >= 30

  • graph sample data for skew/outliers

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Conf. Int. for Mu 3) do:

x-bar +- t* sx/root n (substitute #s in), interval

t* → table B w/ tail % & df=n-1

If df not in table, round down

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Conf. Int. for Mu 4) conclude:

we are _% confident…

choosing sample size → t unknown if n unknown, so use z* instead

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Conf. Int. for Difference in Means 1) state:

true difference in means, confidence level

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Conf. Int. for Difference in Means 2) plan:

2 sample t-int for Mu1-Mu2

3 conditions (x2)

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Conf. Int. for Difference in Means 3) do:

(xbar1-xbar2)+-t*root(s1^2/n1+s2^2/n2)

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Conf. Int. for Difference in Means 4) conclude:

if 2 diff. n’s, use smaller n for df/t* → gives a conservative estimate

real df is bigger 2-sample (show formula)

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(-,-)

x-bar2 is greater

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(+,+)

x-bar1 is greater

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(-,+)

no difference

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one sample t-int for Mdiff

x-bar diff+- t* sdiff/rootn

mean diff → 1 mean = 1 sample

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paired data

2 specific data points that must be paired together (usually because they’re both from 1 individual)

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Test statistic (t-score)

t = x-bar - Mu/(Sx/rootn)

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Significance Test for Mu and CI

calculate test statistic (t-score) and use table B w/ df & tail probability OR tcdf(lower, upper, df)

OR

calculator → copy title up to x-bar

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If H0 in int.

H0 plausible → fail to reject

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If H0 not in int.

H0 not plausible → reject

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For 2-sided sig tests ONLY

a c% confidence int. will make the same decision as alpha = 1-C%

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Significance Test for a Difference in Means

t-score = (xbar1-xbar2)-(Mu1-Mu2 from H0) / root(s1^1/n1+s2^2/n2)

& graph & tcdf(labeled)

OR

2 sample t-test → copy title up to x

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34

paired data →

1 sample t-test for Mudiff

t=xbardiff - Mudiff / sdiff/rootn

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35

1 sample

  • matched pairs creating 1 sample

  • subtract then average

  • 1 mean (Mudiff)

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2 samples

  • 2 groups and 2 means

  • average then subtract

  • difference of means (Mu1-Mu2)

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