APUSH Unit 5 Vocab

Ten Percent Plan

Lincoln's plan that allowed a Southern state to form its own government afetr ten percent of its voters swore an oath of loyalty to the United States

Wade-Davis Bill

1864 Proposed far more demanding and stringent terms for reconstruction; required 50% of the voters of a state to take the loyalty oath and permitted only non-confederates to vote for a new state constitution; Lincoln refused to sign the bill, pocket vetoing it after Congress adjourned.

Black Codes

Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War

Freedmen's Bureau

1865 - Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs

Civil Rights Act of 1866

law that established federal guarantees of civil rights for all citizens

14th Amendment

Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws

Radical Republicans

After the Civil War, a group that believed the South should be harshly punished and thought that Lincoln was sometimes too compassionate towards the South.

Reconstruction Act of 1867

Necessary requirements for the former Confederate States to be readmitted to the Union

15th Amendment

Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or precious condition of servitude

American Woman Suffrage Association

organization led by Lucy Stone, Henry Blackwell, and others who remained loyal to the Republican party, despite its failure to include women's voting rights in the 15th Amendment

National Woman's Suffrage Association

Organization formed in May 1890 as a unification of the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) and the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA). It continued the work of both associations by becoming the parent organization of hundreds of smaller local and state groups, and by helping to pass woman suffrage legislation at the state and local level

Minor v. Happersett

A Supreme Court decision in 1875 that ruled that suffrage rights were not inherent in citizenship and had not been granted by the Fourteenth Amendment, as some women's rights advocates argued. Women were citizens, the Court ruled, but state legislatures could deny women the vote if they wished.

crop-lien laws

Nineteenth-century laws that enforced lenders' rights to a portion of harvested crops as repayment for debts. Once they owed money to a country store, sharecroppers were trapped in debt and became targets for unfair pricing.

convict leasing

Notorious system, begun during Reconstruction, whereby southern state officials allowed private companies to hire out prisoners to labor under brutal conditions in mines and other industries.

Civil Rights Act of 1875

law that banned discrimination in public facilities and transportation

Classical liberalism

The political ideology of individual liberty, private property, a competitive market economy, free trade, and limited government

Crédit Mobilier

a joint-stock company organized in 1863 and reorganized in 1867 to build the Union Pacific Railroad. It was involved in a scandal in 1872 in which high government officials were accused of accepting bribes.

Ku Klux Klan

A secret society created by white southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights.

Enforcement Laws

Acts passed in Congress in 1870 and signed by President U. S. Grant that were designed to protect freedmen's rights under the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments. Authorizing federal prosecutions, military intervention, and martial law to suppress terrorist activity, the Enforcement Laws largely succeeded in shutting down Klan activities.

Slaughter-House Cases

A group of decisions begun in 1873 in which the Court began to undercut the power of the Fourteenth Amendment to protect African American rights.

Civil Rights Cases

A series of 1883 Supreme Court decisions that struck down the Civil Rights Act of 1875, rolling back key Reconstruction laws and paving the way for later decisions that sanctioned segregation.

King Cotton

cotton and cotton-growing considered, in the pre-Civil War South, as a vital commodity, the major factor not only in the economy but also in politics.

habeas corpus

An order to produce an arrested person before a judge.

contrabands

escaped slaves

Radical Republicans

After the Civil War, a group that believed the South should be harshly punished and thought that Lincoln was sometimes too compassionate towards the South.

Emancipation Proclamation

Issued by abraham lincoln on september 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free

greenbacks

Name for Union paper money not backed by gold or silver. Value would fluctuate depending on status of the war (plural)

one-tenth tax

A tax adopted by the Confederacy in 1863 that required all farmers to turn over a tenth of their crops and livestock to the government for military use. The tax demonstrated the southern government's strong use of centralized power; it caused great hardship for poor families.

draft (conscription)

The system for selecting individuals for conscription, or compulsory military service, first implemented during the Civil War.

twenty-Negro rule

In 1863 this law was passed that exempted an owner or overseer of twenty or more slaves from service at war

draft riots

Conscription Act in 1863 forced men between 20-45 years old to be eligible for conscription but one could avoid it if they paid 300 or got someone in their place; provoked anger from poor workers

Lieber Code

signed by President Abraham Lincoln to the Union Forces of the United States during the American Civil War that dictated how soldiers should conduct themselves in wartime.

US Sanitary Commission

Founded with the help of Elizabeth Blackwell, the government agency trained nurses, collected medical supplies, and equipped hospitals in an effort to help the Union Army. The commission helped professionalize nursing and gave many women the confidence and organizational skills to propel the women's movement in the postwar years.

Women's Loyal National League

formed on May 14, 1863, to campaign for an amendment to the U.S. Constitution that would abolish slavery

Gettysburg Address

A 3-minute address by Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War (November 19, 1963) at the dedication of a national cemetery on the site of the Battle of Gettysburg

hard war

The philosophy and tactics used by Union general William Tecumseh Sherman, by which he treated civilians as combatants.

miscegenation

biological reproduction by partners of different racial categories

Special Field Order No. 15

An order by General William T. Sherman, later reversed by policymakers, that granted confiscated land to formerly enslaved families in Georgia and South Carolina so they could farm independently.

Mexican Cession

region in the modern-day western United States that Mexico previously controlled, then ceded to the United States in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 after the Mexican-American War.

Wilmot Proviso

1846 proposal that outlawed slavery in any territory gained from the War with Mexico

Slave Power Conspiracy

the idea that the South was engaged in a conspiracy to extend slavery throughout the nation and thus to destroy the openness of northern capitalism and replace it with the closed, aristocratic system of the south, and the only solution was to fight the spread of slavery and extend the nation's democratic ideals to all sections of the country.

Free Soil Movement

Sought to keep slavery from expanding into newly acquired territories.

Foreign Miner's tax

a discriminatory tax, adopted in 1850 in california territory, that forced chinese and latin american immigrant miners to pay high taxes for the right to prospect for gold. the tax effectively drove these miners from goldfields

Popular sovereignty

A belief that ultimate power resides in the people.

Compromise of 1850

Agreement designed to ease tensions caused by the expansion of slavery into western territories

Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

allowed government officials to arrest any person accused of being a runaway slave; all that was needed to take away someone's freedoms was word of a white person; northerners required to help capture runaways if requested, suspects had no right to trial

Personal liberty laws

Laws passed by Northern states forbidding the imprisonment of escaped slaves

Treaty of Kanazawa 1854

Ended Japan's 200 year period of economic isolation, establishing an American consulate in Japan and securing American coaling rights in Japanese port

Filibustering

The Senate tradition of unlimited debate undertaken for the purpose of preventing action on a bill.

Ostend Manifesto

described the rationale for the United States to purchase Cuba from Spain while implying that the U.S. should declare war if Spain refused

Chain migration

migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there

Nativism

migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there

American (Know-Nothing) Party

Developed from the order of the Star Spangled Banner and was made up of nativists. This party was organized due to its secretiveness and in 1865 nominated the ex-president Fillmore. These super-patriots were antiforeign and anti-Catholic and adopted the slogan "American's must rule America!" Remaining members of the Whig party also backed Fillmore for President.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty.

Dred Scott decision

A Missouri slave sued for his freedom, claiming that his four year stay in the northern portion of the Louisiana Territory made free land by the Missouri Compromise had made him a free man. The U.S, Supreme Court decided he couldn't sue in federal court because he was property, not a citizen.