BIOC: unit 5 "The Mitotic Cell Cycle"

daughter cell

the two new cells that result from mitosis and cytokinesis

parent cell

original cell

Mitosis

part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides, NUCLEAR DIVISION

Kareokinesis

division of nucleus, mitosis

Gamete

specialized cell involved in sexual reproduction, not genetically identical

Zygote

result of 1 gamete each from mother and father (2 gametes) FUSED

Chromosomes

Bodies within the nucleus made in DNA and proteins called the histones, super-supercoiled, made of chromatin. FOUND IN NUCLEUS OF EUKARYOTES

Chromatid

one of two identical "sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome

Chromatin

Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell

Centromeres and Telomeres

needed for successful nuclear division, centromeres keep sister chromatids tgh during interphase (S phase)

Interphase

G1, S, G2

G1 (interphase)

cell grows in size, MRNA, Preparation

S (interphase)

Synthesizing DNA

G2 (interphase)

pre-miotic phase, DNA is checked for errors

Late interphase

supercoiling of the chromatin (DNA) starts

Prophase

(animal) centrioles move to poles/(plant) spindle poles, spindle fibers form, nuclear membrane disintegrates

Metaphase (equator of cell)

spindle fibers pull sister chromatids to middle (equator)

Anaphase

each sister cell pulled apart, becomes single chromosomes (chromatid), cell elongates because of spindle fibers

free spindles

happens to some spindle fibers in late anaphase

Telophase

nuclear membrane reappears, DNA uncoils into chromatin

Cytokinesis

Division of the cytoplasm during cell division

Clevage furrow

cytokinesis in animal cells

Cell plate

cytokinesis in plant cells

Telomeres

terminal segments of DNA that protect the ends of chromosomes, made by ENZYME "telomerase"

Stem Cell

an undifferentiated cell with the properties of self renewal and potency (UNLIMITED DIVISION)

potency

power of a stem cell to produce different types of cell

totipotent

stem cell that can produce any type of cell, able to differentiate into all the cell types in an organism

pluripotent

embryonic stem cells, able to give rise to any cells of the body, expect extra-embryonic cells

multipotent

(adult stem cells), only able to produce a few types of cells, able to differentiate into a limited number of cell types related to the tissue of origin

cancer(s)

a general term for any cell mass in which the cells grow in an uncontrolled way and invade nearby tissue

mutation

a change in any gene

carcinogen

a substitute/environmental factor that can cause cancer

malignant tumors

example of primary growth, tumors that are cancerous, SPREAD! they are (metastasis)!, can cause secondary growth!

metastasis

The spread of cancer cells beyond their original site

Mitosis biological importance

1) Growth, 2) replacement/repair, 3) asexual reproduction, 4) cloning of lymphocytes

Euchromatin

loosely packed chromatin

Heterochromatin

highly condensed chromatin

Diploid (2n)

two copies of each chromosome

haploid (n)

An organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes.

homologous pair

a pair of chromosomes, one from each parent, that have relatively similar structures and gene values

Allele

An alternative form of a gene.

interphase time period

the most lengthy (time wise) phase of the cell cycle

B and T lymphocyte
reproduction

Cloning of Lymphocytes (an immune response is dependent on mitosis)

Stem cell therapy

introduction of new adult stem cells into damaged tissue to treat disease or injury.

Example of totipotent cell

zygotes are an example of these cells.

examples of multipotent adult stem cells

digestive tissue, nervous tissue, cardiac tissue

oncogene

cancer causing gene

carcinogen examples

Ionizing radiation, Chemicals, Virus infection, Hereditary predisposition (5-10%)

primary growth

small group of tumor cells. There are two types of
primary growths

Benign tumors

a type of primary growth, do not spread but can compress and displace surrounding tissues.

Regulation of cell cycles

Term for checking between phases for abnormalities before continuing onto the next cell cycle

cell cycle

interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

cellular differentiation

the process by which a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell type

histone

a protein found in eukaryotic cell nuclei that is involved in packaging DNA and in making chromatin

Skin cell renewal

every 4 weeks

secondary growth (tumors)

branching off

spindle poles

made of polysaccharides